ELM 7.1 Flashcards
Primary prevention
stopping it from happening
secondary prevention
stopping it recurring or worsening
what transports lipids in plasma?
lipoproteisn
how do lipoproteins vary
lipid content, size, density, and type of protein
what are the four classes of lipoproteins?
LDL (low)
HDL (high)
VLDL (very low)
chylomicrons
LDL and VLDL increase risk of what
arthosclerosis
What is the frequency of heterozygous familial hypercholestrolaemias in the UK population?
a. 1:500 b. 1:5000 c. 1:50000 d. 1:500000
a
Which of the following is produced by the liver and acts as a “detergent” in the GI tract?
a. Bile acids b. Cholesterol esters c. HMG CoA d. Mevalonate
a
Bile acids are amphipathic cholesterol derivatives that are secreted from the liver into the GI tract. There, they form micelles and help solubilise lipids.
Which of the following cells is a major component of atherosclerotic plaques?
a. adipocytes b. foam cells c. macrophages d. monocytes
b
monocytes transform into macrophages which transform into foam cells - foam cells can in fact be regarded as a special type of macrophage. This is a situation where more than one answer is right and you have to pick the best one.
Which of the following types of lipoprotein has the lowest density?
a. Chylomicron b. HDL c. LDL d. VLDL
a
A micronutrient that can have beneficial effects on plasma lipid levels is:
a. vitamin B1 b. vitamin B3 c. vitamin B6 d. vitamin B12
b
vitamin B3 is niacin or nicotinic acid. It is a lipid lowering drug if used in gramme quantities.
In this question, two statements are given (X and Y). You must decide if each of these statements is true and, if both are true, whether X is the reason for Y.
Statement X: Some statins can produce rhabdomyolysis as an unwanted effect.
Statement Y: Some statins can cause renal failure as an unwanted effect.
a. Statement X is false; statement Y is false b. Statement X is false; statement Y is true c. Statement X is true; statement Y is false d. Statement X is true; statement Y is true AND X is NOT the reason for Y e. Statement X is true; statement Y is true AND X IS the reason for Y
e
Rhabdomyolysis is a disorder in which skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly. The breakdown products are toxic to the kidney and can cause kidney failure. Some statins produce rhabdomyolysis as an unwanted effect.
In this question, two statements are given (X and Y). You must decide if each of these statements is true and, if both are true, whether X is the reason for Y.
Statement X: Some statins can produce rhabdomyolysis as an unwanted effect.
Statement Y: Some statins can cause renal failure as an unwanted effect.
a. Statement X is false; statement Y is false b. Statement X is false; statement Y is true c. Statement X is true; statement Y is false d. Statement X is true; statement Y is true AND X is NOT the reason for Y e. Statement X is true; statement Y is true AND X IS the reason for Y
e
Rhabdomyolysis is a disorder in which skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly. The breakdown products are toxic to the kidney and can cause kidney failure. Some statins produce rhabdomyolysis as an unwanted effect.
In this question, two statements are given (X and Y). You must decide if each of these statements is true and, if both are true, whether X is the reason for Y.
Statement X: Ezetimibe increases risk of stroke and heart attack in such patients
Statement Y: Ezetimibe must be used with caution in patients with familal hypercholestrolaemia
a. Statement X is false; statement Y is false b. Statement X is false; statement Y is true c. Statement X is true; statement Y is false d. Statement X is true; statement Y is true AND X is NOT the reason for Y e. Statement X is true; statement Y is true AND X IS the reason for Y
a
Neither of these statements are true: block of GI cholesterol transporters by drugs such as ezetimibe lowers LDL levels and this reduces risk of heart attack and stroke. Ezetimibe is used alongside statins in patients with FHC but some studies show that it does not make that much difference.
Which of the following treatments lowers LDL?
[mark all correct answers]
a.
Ezetimibe
b. Fibrates c. Omega 3 fatty acids d. Statins
a, b, d
Although omega 3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce triglycerides in some studies, other research has suggested that they increase LDL. NICE does not recommend their use.
