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Drugs > Elm 11 Hyperlipidaemia > Flashcards

Elm 11 Hyperlipidaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What is angina?

A

A: Angina is when the heart is temporarily deprived of oxygen.

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2
Q

Q: What happens during a heart attack?

A

A: During a heart attack, the heart is deprived of oxygen.

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3
Q

Q: What is heart failure?

A

A: Heart failure occurs when the heart does not pump properly.

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4
Q

Q: What is dysrhythmia?

A

A: Dysrhythmia is when the heart rhythm is disturbed.

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5
Q

Q: What is coronary artery disease?

A

A: Coronary artery disease is the process by which the artery becomes blocked.

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6
Q

Q: What are the consequences caused by coronary artery disease?

A

A: The consequences are known as coronary heart disease.

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7
Q

Q: What is primary prevention in the context of coronary heart disease?

A

A: Primary prevention involves stopping coronary heart disease from happening.

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8
Q

Q: What is secondary prevention regarding coronary heart disease?

A

A: Secondary prevention involves stopping the recurrence or worsening of the disease after an event like angina, a heart attack, or a stroke.

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9
Q

Q: Who discovered the link between exercise and heart attacks?

A

A: Morris discovered the link between exercise and heart attacks.

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10
Q

Q: What was Morris’s study about bus drivers and conductors?

A

A: The study found that bus conductors, who walked around the bus, had lower blood pressure, were less likely to be obese, and had a much lower risk of coronary heart disease compared to bus drivers.

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11
Q

Q: How do lipids travel through the body?

A

A: Lipids travel through the body as lipoproteins in the plasma.

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12
Q

Q: What are some types of lipids mentioned?

A

A: Types of lipids include triglyceride/cholesterol esters, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.

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13
Q

Q: How are lipoproteins classified?

A

A: Lipoproteins are classified using density: HDL (high), LDL (low), VLDL (very low), and chylomicrons (lowest).

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14
Q

Q: Where is cholesterol synthesized?

A

A: Cholesterol can be synthesized in hepatocytes (liver cells).

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15
Q

Q: What role do bile acids play in the body?

A

A: Bile acids, made from cholesterol in the liver, act as detergents in the GI tract to emulsify dietary cholesterol and fats, allowing their uptake.

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16
Q

Q: What happens to chylomicrons in the body?

A

A: Chylomicrons transport fats to tissues, which take up fatty acids after breaking down the fats with lipoprotein lipase, and the remaining chylomicron remnant delivers cholesterol to hepatocytes.

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17
Q

Q: What are the functions of VLDL and HDL produced by the liver?

A

A: VLDL delivers fats to tissues and is converted to LDL, which delivers cholesterol to tissues. HDL takes up cholesterol from tissues and delivers it to VLDL, facilitating LDL formation and cholesterol recycling.

18
Q

Q: Why are LDL and VLDL considered “bad” cholesterol?

A

A: LDL and VLDL contribute to the formation of fatty streaks, inhibit fibrinolysis, and activate platelets, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

19
Q

Q: What positive effects does HDL have on the body?

A

A: HDL increases fibrinolysis (breakdown of fibrin) and prostacyclin formation (decreases platelet aggregation).

20
Q

Q: What does hyperlipidaemia mean?

A

A: Hyperlipidaemia means having too much lipid in the blood.

21
Q

Q: What is familial hypercholesterolaemia?

A

A: Familial hypercholesterolaemia is a genetic defect in the LDL receptor or ApoB protein, leading to high cholesterol levels.

22
Q

Q: Is familial hypercholesterolaemia more severe in homozygous or heterozygous individuals?

A

A: It is more severe in homozygous individuals compared to heterozygous individuals.

23
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A: Excess LDL enters the blood vessel intima.

24
Q

Q: What role do monocytes play in atherosclerosis?

A

A: Monocytes migrate into the intima and turn into macrophages.

25
Q

Q: What are foam cells and how are they formed?

A

A: Foam cells are formed when macrophages take up oxidized LDL.

26
Q

Q: What do foam cells release, and what is the result?

A

A: Foam cells release cytokines and other growth factors that recruit smooth muscle cells.

27
Q

Q: How is a fatty streak formed in atherosclerosis?

A

A: Foam cells attach to the endothelium and form the fatty streak.

28
Q

Q: What thickens the fatty streak into a stable plaque?

A

A: Migrating smooth muscle cells thicken the fatty streak into a stable plaque.

29
Q

Q: What is the aim of lipid-lowering drugs in treating hyperlipidaemias?

A

A: The aim is to reduce LDL/VLDL and increase HDL.

30
Q

Q: What are some drugs used to treat hyperlipidaemia?

A

A: Drugs include statins, ezetimibe, fibrates, exchange resins, and nicotinic acid.

31
Q

Q: How do statins work?

A

A: Statins work by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, reducing liver production of cholesterol.

32
Q

Q: What is a common side effect of statins?

A

A: Common side effects include myositis, rhabdomyolysis, and altered liver function tests.

33
Q

Q: How does ezetimibe function in lowering cholesterol?

A

A: Ezetimibe inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption.

34
Q

Q: When is ezetimibe particularly useful?

A

A: It is useful for patients who cannot tolerate statins or can be co-administered with statins in resistant familial hyperlipidaemia cases.

35
Q

Q: What is the role of anion exchange resins in treating hyperlipidaemia?

A

A: Anion exchange resins sequester bile acids in the gut, stopping bile acid recycling.

36
Q

Q: What do fibrates do?

A

A: Fibrates are agonists at the PPARalpha receptor and may be used with elevated VLDL.

37
Q

Q: What is nicotinic acid, and how does it help in hyperlipidaemia?

A

A: Nicotinic acid, also known as vitamin B3, helps lower lipids, although its exact mechanism is not well understood.

38
Q

Q: What are the benefits of fish oils in cardiovascular health?

A

A: Fish oils reduce triglycerides, increase HDL cholesterol, reduce platelet aggregation, and decrease fibrinogen levels.

39
Q

Q: What is olestra, and what are its potential issues?

A

A: Olestra is a fat substitute that cannot be absorbed from the GI tract, potentially causing poor absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, diarrhea, and anal leakage.

40
Q

Q: What unintended behavior might occur with the consumption of olestra?

A

A: People might engage in compensatory eating, consuming other fatty foods instead.

Drugs (17 decks)

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