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Drugs > 2 ANS > Flashcards

2 ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What constitutes the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

A: The brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Q: What constitutes the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

A: Cranial and spinal nerves.

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3
Q

Q: What are the divisions of the somatic division in the PNS?

A

A: sensory and motor

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4
Q

Q: What are the two divisions of the autonomic division?

A

A: Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

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5
Q

Q: How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions generally interact?

A

A: They have antagonistic effects.

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6
Q

Q: Where does the parasympathetic division output from?

A

A: Only from two regions of the spinal cord.

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7
Q

Q: How do the axons of the first neuron differ between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

A: The sympathetic division has a short axon, while the parasympathetic division has a long axon.

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8
Q

Q: What is unique about the sympathetic division’s axon to the adrenal medulla?

A

A: It has a long axon that goes directly to the adrenal medulla, which does not have an axon.

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9
Q

Q: How does the sympathetic division also act?

A

A: Hormonally.

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10
Q

Q: What is a key structural feature of acetylcholine?

A

A: It has an ester bond and a permanent positive charge.

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11
Q

Q: What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors identified by Dale in 1914?

A

A: Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

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12
Q

Q: What type of receptor is a muscarinic receptor?

A

A: A G protein-coupled receptor, slow transmission.

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13
Q

Q: What type of receptor is a nicotinic receptor?

A

A: A ligand-gated ion channel, fast transmission.

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14
Q

Q: Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

A: In skeletal muscle, CNS, and autonomic ganglia.

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15
Q

Q: Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

A: In the CNS and PNS.

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16
Q

Q: Describe the process of synaptic transmission at a cholinergic terminal.

A

A: Choline is taken back up into the nerve terminal and made back into ACh by choline acetyl transferase. ACh is then transported into vesicles.

17
Q

Q: What family does the muscarinic receptor belong to?

A

A: Family A.

18
Q

Q: Name other important receptors in Family A.

A

A: Rhodopsin, adrenoceptors, angiotensin II receptors, dopamine receptors, and histamine receptors.

19
Q

Q: What characterizes selective ligands in pharmacology?

A

A: Agonist binding sites are highly conserved, resulting in few selective agonists and competitive antagonists.

20
Q

Q: What is Darifenacin and its selectivity?

A

A: Darifenacin is a selective ligand, being 30-fold more selective for the M3 receptor.

21
Q

Q: What is the structural difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

A: Adrenaline has an extra methyl group on its nitrogen.

22
Q

Q: Outline the biosynthesis pathway of adrenaline.

A

A: Tyrosine -> L-DOPA -> dopamine -> noradrenaline -> adrenaline.

23
Q

Q: How is noradrenaline degraded in the body?

A

A: Using monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

24
Q

Q: What neurotransmitter is also a precursor in the biosynthesis of adrenaline?

A

A: Dopamine.

25
Q

Q: What does monoamine oxidase (MAO) do in the degradation of noradrenaline?

A

A: It converts the nitrogen group into a CHO group.

26
Q

Q: What does catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) do in the degradation of noradrenaline?

A

A: It adds a methyl group to the hydroxyl group on the ring.

27
Q

Q: To which receptor family do adrenergic receptors belong?

A

A: Family A.

28
Q

Q: Name the subtypes of α-adrenergic receptors.

A

A: α1A, α1B, α1D, α2A, α2B, α2C.

29
Q

Q: Name the subtypes of β-adrenergic receptors.

A

A: β1, β2, β3.

30
Q

Q: Where are all nine subtypes of adrenergic receptors found?

A

A: In the sympathetic nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS).

31
Q

Q: What functions are associated with adrenergic receptors in the CNS?

A

A: Arousal/wakefulness, mood regulation, and blood pressure control.

32
Q

Q: List some types of drugs that act on adrenergic transmission.

A

A: Cardiovascular drugs, anti-asthma drugs, decongestants, aphrodisiacs, migraine treatments, ADHD medications, and antidepressants.

Drugs (17 decks)

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