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Excitable Cells > ELM 1 NS structure + Development > Flashcards

ELM 1 NS structure + Development Flashcards

1
Q

Keyterms for 4-legged?
Dorsal?
Ventral?
Cranial?
Caudial?
Proximal?
Distal?
Anterior?
Posterior?
Rostral?
Medial?
Lateral?

A

Back.
Belly.
Head end.
Tail end.
Close to.
Far away.
Front end.
Back end.
nose/mouth end.
towards midline.
away from midline.

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2
Q

Keyterms for 2-legged?
Anterior?
Posterior?
Superior?
Inferior?
Cephalic?
Caudal?

A

belly.
back.
closer to head.
close to feet.
head end.
bottom end.

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3
Q

Ways to refer to direction cut is made (planes of brain)?

A

coronal = frontal plane.
longitudinal = sagittal.
axial/horizontal = transverse.

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4
Q

CNS?

A

CNS = brain + spinal cord, integrative + control centers.

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5
Q

PNS?

A

PNS = cranial + spinal nerves, comm lines between CNS + rest of body.

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6
Q

sensory division?

A

Sensory division = somatic + visceral sensory nerve fibres - conducts impulses from rs to CNS.

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7
Q

Motor division?

A

motor nerve fibres - conducts impulses from CNS to effectors.

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8
Q

Somatic NS?

A

Somatic motor - conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles.

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9
Q

ANS?

A

visceral motor - conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles + glands.

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10
Q

sympathetic division?
parasympathetic division?

A

Mobilises body systems during activity.
Conserves energy + mobilises during rest.

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11
Q

Motor/efferent?

A

Neurons that carry signal towards target tissue/organ to make something happen.

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12
Q

Sensory/afferent?

A

neurons that detect change in environment + carry signal about the change to CNS.

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13
Q

Why do we have a NS?

A

to move + respond to stimulus.

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14
Q

What do invertebrate brains have?

A

nerve net - ventral nerve cord compared w/ dorsal cord in vertebrate.

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15
Q

When did vertebrate brain appear?

A

Lanclet - small central collection of neuronal control circuits in amphioxus.

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16
Q

What brain division is specific to mammals only?

A

neocortex - allow us to process more complex info.

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17
Q

What are the 4 divisions of vertebrate CNS?

A

Forebrain = telencephalon w/ cortex + olfactory bulb, diencephalon w/ thalamus + hypothalamus.
Midbrain = mesencephalon w/ tectum + tegmentum, forma part of brain stem.
Hindbrain = rhombencephalon w/ pons + medulla + cerebellum, forms part of brain stem.
Spinal cord.

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18
Q

Embryological development of NS?

A

Notochord arises from mesoderm, turns into vertebral column.
Neural plate folds + fuses to form neural tube, CNS develops from walls of tube, PNS derives from neural crest.

19
Q

What is the notochord responsible for during development?

A

changes the neural tube undergoes.

20
Q

Whats the neural tube?

A

Neural tube = 3 layers of cells - endoderm (organs+viscera), mesoderm (bones+muscles), ectoderm (NS+skin).

21
Q

Whats spina bifida?

A

failure of posterior neural tube to close.

22
Q

What’s the worst case of spina bifida?

A

gap in vertebral column + portion of spinal cord pokes out of babies back - likely paralysed from that point down.

23
Q

Can spina bifida be fixed?

A

Can repair structurally, but can’t repair neuronal connections.
Supplementing diet w/ folic acid in early pregnancy can reduce neural tube defect incidence by 90%.

24
Q

When does spina bifida occur + what can increase the risk?

A

3-4 week region.
antiepilepsy/bipolar drugs interfere w/ folate metabolism.

25
Q

Developmental differentiation?

A

Neural pores close, see beginnings of NS.
3 swellings at rostral end of neural tube become primary vesicles - fore, mid + hindbrain.

26
Q

Describe the ventricles of spinal cord + cerebellum?

A

Brain hollow + filled w/ CSF.
2 lateral ventricles, intraventricular foramen, the 3rd, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle.
Central canal extends into spinal cord.

27
Q

Describe the spinal cord?

A

protected by spinal column, surrounded by meninges + CSF.
1 channel for messages from skin, joints, muscles to brain + from brain to periphery.
Dorsal roots contain sensory neurons, ventral contain motor.
Grey matter = neuron cell bodies.
White matter = myelinated axons.

28
Q

describe the brainstem?

A

oldest part of brain, decision matric, controls vital functions.
contains midbrain - movement, sensory input + hindbrain.
Pons - swells out from ventral surface, important relay between cortex + cerebellum.
Medulla - important in control of bp + respiration.

29
Q

what can damage to brainstem cause?

A

hydrocephalus/ hemorrhage.
severe -> coning.
Damage to medulla -> respiratory arrest.

30
Q

Describe diencephalon + mescencephalon?

A

midbran - links between components of motor systems, eye movements, sleep, temp regulation.
diencephalon - thalamus in sleep, conscious movement + hypothalamus.

31
Q

Describe the cerebellum?

A

old part of brain.
movement control centre.
extensive connections to cerebrum + spinal cord.

32
Q

What do disease of cerebellum include?

A

Ataxias - aberrant movement coordination. alcohol Rs here - why being drunk causes movement issues.

33
Q
A
34
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex?

A

clear division between 2 halves along sagittal fissure - controls voluntary actions, cog, perception/awareness.

35
Q

Describe mammals cortex structure?

A

6 layers, others only 3 - highly developed in mammals - no of neurons is related to intelligence.

36
Q

Why do we need cortical folding?

A

Increase intelligence, need to increase processing power.
cortical neurons rep processing power.
But, skull is confined structure, want to keep vol + mass to min.
Folding = increase SA w/o increasing vol.

37
Q

What’s the top and bottom of a fold called?

A

top = gyrus, bottom = sulcus.

38
Q

What are the 4 lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, each has diff function.

39
Q

What does the homonculus show?

A

spend lots of processing power on hangs + parts of body devoted to speech production.

40
Q

Decussation?

A

to become crossed.

41
Q

where do we see decussation in mammalian NS?

A

Contralateral motor + sensory paths - decussate at level of medulla.

42
Q

What’s a consequence of decussation?

A

injury on RH -> paralysis/weakness on left side of body.

43
Q

how is the visual system arranged?

A

optic nerves meet in optic chiasm + proportion of fibres travel to contralateral side of brain. = both sides of brain receive info from both eyes.

Excitable Cells (25 decks)

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