Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Excitable Cells > ELM 1 NS structure + Development > Flashcards

ELM 1 NS structure + Development Flashcards

1
Q

Keyterms for 4-legged?
Dorsal?
Ventral?
Cranial?
Caudial?
Proximal?
Distal?
Anterior?
Posterior?
Rostral?
Medial?
Lateral?

A

Back.
Belly.
Head end.
Tail end.
Close to.
Far away.
Front end.
Back end.
nose/mouth end.
towards midline.
away from midline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Keyterms for 2-legged?
Anterior?
Posterior?
Superior?
Inferior?
Cephalic?
Caudal?

A

belly.
back.
closer to head.
close to feet.
head end.
bottom end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ways to refer to direction cut is made (planes of brain)?

A

coronal = frontal plane.
longitudinal = sagittal.
axial/horizontal = transverse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CNS?

A

CNS = brain + spinal cord, integrative + control centers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PNS?

A

PNS = cranial + spinal nerves, comm lines between CNS + rest of body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sensory division?

A

Sensory division = somatic + visceral sensory nerve fibres - conducts impulses from rs to CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motor division?

A

motor nerve fibres - conducts impulses from CNS to effectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Somatic NS?

A

Somatic motor - conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ANS?

A

visceral motor - conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles + glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sympathetic division?
parasympathetic division?

A

Mobilises body systems during activity.
Conserves energy + mobilises during rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Motor/efferent?

A

Neurons that carry signal towards target tissue/organ to make something happen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sensory/afferent?

A

neurons that detect change in environment + carry signal about the change to CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do we have a NS?

A

to move + respond to stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do invertebrate brains have?

A

nerve net - ventral nerve cord compared w/ dorsal cord in vertebrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When did vertebrate brain appear?

A

Lanclet - small central collection of neuronal control circuits in amphioxus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What brain division is specific to mammals only?

A

neocortex - allow us to process more complex info.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 divisions of vertebrate CNS?

A

Forebrain = telencephalon w/ cortex + olfactory bulb, diencephalon w/ thalamus + hypothalamus.
Midbrain = mesencephalon w/ tectum + tegmentum, forma part of brain stem.
Hindbrain = rhombencephalon w/ pons + medulla + cerebellum, forms part of brain stem.
Spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Embryological development of NS?

A

Notochord arises from mesoderm, turns into vertebral column.
Neural plate folds + fuses to form neural tube, CNS develops from walls of tube, PNS derives from neural crest.

19
Q

What is the notochord responsible for during development?

A

changes the neural tube undergoes.

20
Q

Whats the neural tube?

A

Neural tube = 3 layers of cells - endoderm (organs+viscera), mesoderm (bones+muscles), ectoderm (NS+skin).

21
Q

Whats spina bifida?

A

failure of posterior neural tube to close.

22
Q

What’s the worst case of spina bifida?

A

gap in vertebral column + portion of spinal cord pokes out of babies back - likely paralysed from that point down.

23
Q

Can spina bifida be fixed?

A

Can repair structurally, but can’t repair neuronal connections.
Supplementing diet w/ folic acid in early pregnancy can reduce neural tube defect incidence by 90%.

24
Q

When does spina bifida occur + what can increase the risk?

A

3-4 week region.
antiepilepsy/bipolar drugs interfere w/ folate metabolism.

25
Developmental differentiation?
Neural pores close, see beginnings of NS. 3 swellings at rostral end of neural tube become primary vesicles - fore, mid + hindbrain.
26
Describe the ventricles of spinal cord + cerebellum?
Brain hollow + filled w/ CSF. 2 lateral ventricles, intraventricular foramen, the 3rd, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle. Central canal extends into spinal cord.
27
Describe the spinal cord?
protected by spinal column, surrounded by meninges + CSF. 1 channel for messages from skin, joints, muscles to brain + from brain to periphery. Dorsal roots contain sensory neurons, ventral contain motor. Grey matter = neuron cell bodies. White matter = myelinated axons.
28
describe the brainstem?
oldest part of brain, decision matric, controls vital functions. contains midbrain - movement, sensory input + hindbrain. Pons - swells out from ventral surface, important relay between cortex + cerebellum. Medulla - important in control of bp + respiration.
29
what can damage to brainstem cause?
hydrocephalus/ hemorrhage. severe -> coning. Damage to medulla -> respiratory arrest.
30
Describe diencephalon + mescencephalon?
midbran - links between components of motor systems, eye movements, sleep, temp regulation. diencephalon - thalamus in sleep, conscious movement + hypothalamus.
31
Describe the cerebellum?
old part of brain. movement control centre. extensive connections to cerebrum + spinal cord.
32
What do disease of cerebellum include?
Ataxias - aberrant movement coordination. alcohol Rs here - why being drunk causes movement issues.
33
34
Describe the cerebral cortex?
clear division between 2 halves along sagittal fissure - controls voluntary actions, cog, perception/awareness.
35
Describe mammals cortex structure?
6 layers, others only 3 - highly developed in mammals - no of neurons is related to intelligence.
36
Why do we need cortical folding?
Increase intelligence, need to increase processing power. cortical neurons rep processing power. But, skull is confined structure, want to keep vol + mass to min. Folding = increase SA w/o increasing vol.
37
What's the top and bottom of a fold called?
top = gyrus, bottom = sulcus.
38
What are the 4 lobes?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, each has diff function.
39
What does the homonculus show?
spend lots of processing power on hangs + parts of body devoted to speech production.
40
Decussation?
to become crossed.
41
where do we see decussation in mammalian NS?
Contralateral motor + sensory paths - decussate at level of medulla.
42
What's a consequence of decussation?
injury on RH -> paralysis/weakness on left side of body.
43
how is the visual system arranged?
optic nerves meet in optic chiasm + proportion of fibres travel to contralateral side of brain. = both sides of brain receive info from both eyes.

Excitable Cells (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions