1 History of Neuroscience

Question 1

Who do the 1st records of neuroscience belong to?

Answer 1

Edwin Smith Papyrus + Ebers Papyrus.

Question 2

Hippocrates of Kos (c470-360) (6).

Answer 2

-ethics of medicine
-case studies
-humoral theory to exp diseases.
-epilepsy - originated in brain + no of brain disorders.
- localisation/specialisation.
- brain as “analyst”

Question 3

Claudius Galen (129-216 CE) (5).

Answer 3

• brain as “hegemonikon”.
• anatomy of spinal nerves + brain.
• mapped spinal cord functioning using lesioning.
  described mental + brain disorders.
  humoral theoru.

Question 4

How did lots of medical knowledge get lost?

Answer 4

roman empire knew a lot, but empire split in 2. western got a lot of knowledge but collapsed, few people could read the greek text.
eastern also collapsed, but had interaction w/ islamic world so knowledge was preserved.

Question 5

Ibn Sina (avicenna) (3)

Answer 5

canon of medicine 1025
book of healing 1027
humoral theory

Question 6

who supported the brain vs heart debate?

Answer 6

imhotep, hippocrates, galen - brain.
aristotle, ibn, roman catholic church - heart.

Question 7

andreas vesalius (1514-64) (8).

Answer 7

• 1st systematic, published study of anatomy.
• corrected galen’s errors
• nerves as sensory + motor fibres.
• brain as seat of mind + emotion
  -asserted that nerves arise from brain.
• nerves aren’t hollow.
• anatomy of muscular system.
  -challenged humoral theory.

Question 8

what microscope was invented in 1670?

Answer 8

Hooke-type

Question 9

frog heart 1921?

Answer 9

3 chambers, levy - frog hearts use chemical transmission, discovered ACh.

Question 10

squid giant axon?

Answer 10

bigger axons.
hotchkin used V clamp, found how Na + K channels work. 1st electrophysiology.

Question 11

patch-clamp 1978?

Answer 11

glass electrode on cell to measure events going on.
need shielding.

Question 12

applied biosystems 1978?

Answer 12

1st automated dNA sequencer.
–>human genome project.
slow, expensive.

Question 13

fMRI scan 1990?

Answer 13

brain areas w/ more deoxygenated blood are active.

Question 14

AlphaFold2 (CASP 14)?

Answer 14

can predict structure of protein from its sequence, bypassing folding problem.
now know structure of every protein in brain - can’t account for several subunits coming together/ consequences of post translation modifications

Question 15

what did santiago roman y cajal do?

Answer 15

developed neuron theory, nobel prize.