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History- Elizabeth I > Elizabeth's Last Years > Flashcards

Elizabeth's Last Years Flashcards

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1
Q

What difficulties did Elizabeth face within 1588?

A

New generation of MP’s in parliament who disliked her privileges. Many were unwilling to accept use of purveyance and monopolies.

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2
Q

What did MP’s do in 1588+ over the issues they did not like about Elizabeth’s leadership?

A

Asked for a remedy of purveyance, which William Cecil said was infringing on royal prerogative. Protested against monopolies which was eventually effective

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3
Q

What were MP’s like surrounding religion?

A

Most accepted her control over religion. Peter Wentworth however stirred difficulties by taking with MP’s outside parliament (illegal) Opposition over Recusants in 1593 and Seditious Secretaries

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4
Q

How was time against Elizabeth’s governments stability and seniors?

A

Many employed through nepotism- Robert Cecil was not as good so the stability was at risk. More nobles were inexperienced and senior governors were dying- so the remaining felt isolated.

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5
Q

How was Faction Rivalry and Patronage an issue for Elizabeth?

A

Faction rivalry became out of control so Elizabeth was undermined from struggling to control Parliament. Robert Cecil was unequal and caused issues with unbalanced patronage.

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6
Q

What were some methods Elizabeth used for cost cutting with her government?

A

Sold jobs to men. Patronage was expensive so Elizabeth gave out monopolies instead of crown lands.

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7
Q

What was happening to the quality of the government?

A

Quality declined into mediocrities. Oppositions Cecil aimed for short sessions- losing control in 1601

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8
Q

What are examples of a positive relationship between Elizabeth and her government?

A

Robert coordinated the succession Rivalry caused motivation for members to work efficiently. Harmonious- clashes usually had little long term significance

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9
Q

How did the Armada improve Elizabeths relationship with Parliament and government?

A

The armada caused Elizabeth to have positive relations with Parliament. 1589 saw a grant of 2 times the usual amount.

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10
Q

What was the limitation of any opposition?

A

Disorganised Not strong enough

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11
Q

How did the Armada disintegrate Elizabeths relationship with Parliament and government?

A

There were 4 parliaments after 1588. Elizabeth needed money but after the double subsidy, Parliament feared precedent and became less willing to grant supply (also due to the poor economy

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12
Q

How did Parliament have to be persuaded to give money?

A

Had to be convinced it was for foreign policy.

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13
Q

What started to happen to the government?

A

May have been losing control of the Commons. Started seizing initiative and putting forward new policies that examine legislations.

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14
Q

How much did the wars cost?

A

Cost grew. Total expenditure = 4.5 million (2 million for Ireland). 100,000 sent to fight

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15
Q

How did Elizabeth meet the cost of the war?

A

Half was met from Parliament grants and surplus saved. 1599-1600 E sold crown lands and considered some Jewellery. Reduced expenditure at court.

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16
Q

How did Elizabeth reduce expenditure at courts due to the costs of the war? What was the impact of this?

A

Patronage reduced. Kept positions vacant- avoiding paying salaries. Lack of patronage encouraged bribery and corruption- playing a role in the issue of monopolies.

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17
Q

How did the Wars impact Politics?

A

Caused debates over the handleship of war. Younger councillors wanted to be proactive in naval attacks. Decisions thus affected factions- worsened by Elizabeths lack of clarity.

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18
Q

What was the issue with Elizabeth’s policies over war?

A

No clarity of coherence in policy. Sometimes gave into pressures from Courtiers.

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19
Q

What was successful about Elizabeths economic policy?

A

Robert was better at Finance than William. Basic system in economy still worked. Elizabeth borrowed little- not dependent of foreign loans, paying off debts from Mary’s reign. Elizabeth promised to check monopolies.

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20
Q

How did the economic crisis impact Elizabeths leadership?

A

Couldn’t achieve some aims due to little money- e.g. struggling to afford the image she wanted to project.

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21
Q

How was the economic crisis self-fulfilled?

A

Tax rates declined, which they couldn’t afford Book of Rates was not revised and were 40 years out of date. Parliament subsidies declined Lost out on profits due to monopolies.

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22
Q

What was the significance of the Essex rebellion in relation to the economic crisis?

A

‘the visible tip of larger range of discontent’

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23
Q

How did MP’s describe monopolies as patronage?

A

Extortionate, inflation and anti-competitive.

24
Q

What did parliament want to do in 1601 for production?

A

Reduce quality and increase prices, despite the harvest already causing malnourishment and illnesses.

25
Q

What economic act was passed in 1597?

A

Tillage act- passed to reverse enclosure from 1588

26
Q

What failures occurred under the Tyrone rebellion (England)?

A

1595= Tyrone’s rebels seized and captured English troops and possessions. England offered a pardon in 1596. 1597= defeated in Yellow Ford

27
Q

What failures did Essex do during the Tyrone rebellion?

A

1599- Essex arrived with 17,000 troops and failed to complete orders

28
Q

How did England diffuse the Tyrone rebellion?

A

In 1600, Lord Mountjoy army arrived 1602= Tyrone was defeated in battle

29
Q

What were the causes for the Tyrone rebellion?

A

Expenditure of Ireland was low due to war with Spain. So Ireland was neglected by Elizabeth and her council. Fitzwilliam couldn’t control disputes in Dublin. Clan Warfare increased.

30
Q

What advantage did Tyrone have?

A

He was in contact with Spain since 1590

31
Q

What factors contributed to the build up to the Essex rebellion?

A

Essex having too much power (master of horse, military victories in Cadiz and Azores) Faction rivalries between Cecil and Essex (liabilities)- Essex behaviour caused his downfall (pettiness, insecurity). E.g. case of Dr Lopez Cecil suggesting Essex to go to Ireland which Elizabeth agreed- he turned his back on her and drew his sword

32
Q

When was Essex’s sulk and why?

A

1597 He failed to gain jobs for followers, nightmare expedition, insecurity. Elizabeth allowed him to affect the government

33
Q

What did Essex do in 1589 that disobeyed Elizabeths orders?

A

Joined expedition in Lisbon Returned home from Ireland

34
Q

How did his behaviour in faction rivalry cause his downfall?

A

Rivalry weakened his position and therefore failed to secure promotion for Francis Bacon in 1593, was unable to fulfil duty as a patron, failed to gain offices in 1597 and reacted badly when he didn’t get his own way.

35
Q

What did Cecil gain in Essex’s absence from the expedition?

A

In 1596, Whilst Essex was in Cadiz, Cecil became Principal Secretary

36
Q

How did his role in Ireland affect his position? What happened to him after?

A

He avoided battle Damaged reputation as he returned without permission. Put on house arrest and his monopoly and supporters were taken away.

37
Q

What did Essex do in the 1601 rebellion?

A

Made contact with James VI of Scotland Commissioned Shakespeare’s Richard II Attempted a rebellion in London- plotting to take over Whitehall and seize tower (crown jewels) Held 4 Privy Councillors captive

38
Q

What was the impact of the Essex rebellion 1601?

A

He overestimated his public support It was in winter and there were only 300 rebels so it was easily crushed. Faced 6 executions for nuisance (including Essex) Cecil’s faction dominated

39
Q

What factors may cause a pessimistic interpretation of Elizabeths reputation?

A

Series of Scandals that undermined her authority Economic crisis caused criticism and rumours. Court attendance declined Age diminished her looks and reputation

40
Q

What happened to the aristocracy in 1600?

A

aristocracy were reluctant to accompany progress in 1600

41
Q

How far were the last years ‘nasty nineties’?

A

YES- E losing her touch, E and her government losing their capabilities, the impact of war on the economy and non paid men released from the navy, socio-economic decline (harvest failure), less successful, due to failing aims in Ireland, Essex rebellion, factionalism, serious opposition.

42
Q

How far were the last years not the nasty nineties?

A

Succession to James was harmonious

Essex rebellion - not serious

Armada was successfully defeated and successful in the Netherlands

Ally formed with France

1601 Poor Law shows positive parliamentary work and Golden Speech.

43
Q

How does John Guy perceive the Nasty Nineties?

A

He argues that it is almost like an entirely different reign due to ‘factionalism, self-interest and instability’. The country was war-weary and there was an obsession with state security- making leadership seem authoritarian.

44
Q

How does C.Haigh interpret Elizabeths last years?

A

‘Her reign had thirty years of illusion, followed by 15 years of disillusion’. She was a ‘prisoner of faction’

45
Q

What was Elizabeth’s relationship like with Essex?

A

It was an emotional relationship, trying to mould Essex for government and into Leicester. She had a willingness to forgive him, but also had a readiness of anger for him if she felt her affection was taken advantage of.

46
Q

How did Elizabeth avoid manipulation from her courtiers?

A

For example, left secretaryship vacant following the disgrace of Davidson in 1588. Therefore, resisting both Essex (who wanted Davidson restored) and Burghley (who wanted R.Cecil). R.Cecil eventually gets the position in 1596.

47
Q

What was it about Essex’s personality that contributed to his downfall?

A

Essex was an anachronism (out of his time)- feeling his name and title should decide his power. He chose to challenge rivals to duels for solutions that required political finesse and patience.

48
Q

What happened to Essex after the Ireland fiasco?

A

Placed under house arrest

Suspended from PC and banished from court

Removed from the role of Master of Ordinance.

49
Q

When did Essex attempt to pull his sword on Elizabeth?

A

1598

50
Q

When does John Guy believe Essex ‘sealed his fate’?

A

The failure of Ireland and the bursting into her chamber showed that his ‘career was over’.

51
Q

What support did Essex have in his rebellion?

A

He was already widely supported in London (explaining why he potentially expected them to rise with him)

Many men deserted Ireland to back Essex. All who rallied around Essex had nothing to lose as Cecil deprived him.

2 of the executed among him were Roman Catolics

52
Q

What was Essex possibly implying by funding Richard II?

A

He is the ‘saviour of the country’

53
Q

What happened after the 1588 double subsidy?

A

In 1593, Burghley explained that this was not enough- they had given £480,000, whereas the queen needed £1 million

54
Q

What was the overall total expenditure on war?

A

4.5 million.

(2 million spent on Ireland)

55
Q

What did Elizabeth do in 1599 - 1600 to gain more money?

A

Sold crown lands worth over £200,000 and talked of selling jewellery.

History- Elizabeth I (11 decks)

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