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Elizabeth Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Elizabeth’s family make her an unlikely ruler?

A

Anne Boleyn, who was her mother, was ordered to be executed by her father who was Henry VIII. However, she was brought up in a royal household.

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2
Q

Why was patronage important?

A

It ensured loyalty from courtiers as Elizabeth would award them with titles, land, monopolies and much more in exchange for obedience and support.

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3
Q

What was the royal court?

A

Made up of all the officials, servants and advisors that surrounded Elizabeth.

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4
Q

Who were the Lord Lieutenants?

A

Appointed by the queen and were responsible for running a particular area of the country or raising a militia to fight for the queen.

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5
Q

Who were parliament?

A

House of lords and house of commons, had influence over tax and passed laws. Elizabeth could choose when to call parliament and was free to ignore their advice.

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6
Q

Who were the justices of the peace?

A

Several in every country and were responsible for maintaining law and order.

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7
Q

What was Elizabeth’s problem with succession?

A

Last living child of Henry VIII and she had no children of her own so it was unclear who would succeed her if she died. Could lead to violent struggles for power.

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8
Q

What was Elizabeth’s problem with religion?

A

Many Catholics did not trust Elizabeth and some claimed that she had no right to be queen. Puritans wanted the country to be extreme protestant.

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9
Q

What was Elizabeth’s problem with foreign policy?

A

Catholic countries like Spain and France wanted influence over in England and had the support from the pope.

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10
Q

What was Elizabeth’s problem with Taxation?

A

Country was short on money but country was spread with poverty so taxing would be unpopular.

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11
Q

What was the problem with Mary, Queen of Scots?

A

Next in line was her Cousin Mary and Catholics saw her as an alternative.

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12
Q

What was Elizabeth’s problem with Ireland?

A

Major revolt.

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13
Q

What were the arguments for marriage?

A

Create an alliance with foreign country to guarantee loyalty of powerful family. Produce an heir to the throne to continue the Tudor line and stop MQS from becoming queen.

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14
Q

What were the arguments against marriage?

A

Loss of authority, giving birth was risky, her experience with marriage had been bad as her dad has married six times and ordered her mother to be executed.

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15
Q

Who was Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alencon?

A

Suitor for marriage and was the French king’s brother but Elizabeth was already older when the marriage was offered which meant England could have fell to French power if she died before producing an heir. He was catholic.

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16
Q

Who was King Philip II of Spain?

A

Wealthy and powerful but catholic.

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17
Q

Who was Robert Dudley, Early of Leicestor?

A

Childhood friend whom she loved and a key figure in court and parliament but when his wife died they could not marry as the scandal surrounding his death was too big.

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18
Q

Explain Marriage and succession in link to parliament.

A

They saw it as their duty to find Elizabeth a suitable husband, she banned them from talking about it and sent one of them to the Tower of London for it.

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19
Q

Explain religion in link to parliament?

A

Powerful puritans tried to introduce laws.

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20
Q

Explain freedom of speech in link to parlieament.

A

Peter Wentworth was arrested three times for arguing that they should have free speech.

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21
Q

Explain crime and poverty in link to parliament.

A

MPs recognised punishing the poor did not work so they introduced poor laws.

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22
Q

Explain MQS in link to parliament.

A

Pressure Elizabeth into ordering her execution.

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23
Q

Explain monopolies in link to parliament.

A

Giving monopolies was an important way for Elizabeth to maintain the loyalty of powerful men in England.

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24
Q

What were the causes of the Essex rebellion?

A

Soon after his victory against Spain he argued with the queen, got slapped on the head and nearly drew his sword and he was sent to Ireland to deal with a rebellion. He failed and agreed a truce with them which was against the Queen’s orders and he caught Elizabeth without her wig on. She refused to renew his sweet wine monopoly so with nothing left to lose, he gathered supporters for a rebellion.

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25
Q

What happened in the Essex rebellion?

A

In 1601 Essex took 4 privy councillors hostage and marched them to his house along with 200 supporters. Robert Cecil, his rival, responded by labelling him a traitor and many of the supportes left and some panicked and released the hostages. Essex and his remaining followers were arrested.

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26
Q

What were the consequences of the Essex rebellion?

A

He was put on trial for treason and sentenced to death and Elizabeth made it clear she would not tolerate challenges to her authority.

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27
Q

What was the great chain of being?

A

God, monarchy, nobility, gentry, peasantry and animals/plants.

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28
Q

What happened to the gentry in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

They held more of the wealth and they could make money by trade.

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29
Q

Who was a popular actor?

A

Richard Burbage.

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30
Q

Who was a popular playwriter?

A

Shakespeare.

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31
Q

Who were the plays performed by?

A

Troupes named after the people who funded them. Like the Lord Chamberlain’s Men.

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32
Q

Why was theatre so popular?

A

.Affordable
.New and exciting
.It was a social event
.Entertaining and relevant to the time(some plays carried political messages)

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33
Q

What was the opposition to theatres?

A

Puritans saw theatregoing as a distraction from prayer and some saw it as sinful. Also concerns that large gatherings may spread disease and they were dangerous places where there was drunkenness, crime and other immoral behaviour.
Some saw it as sinful.

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34
Q

How did art cause the golden age?

A

Portraits and decorative silverware were popular and symbolic.

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35
Q

How did exploration cause the golden age?

A

Europeans discovered new lands and new peoples and england became a major world power.

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36
Q

How did theatre cause a golden age?

A

Theatre became popular with all levels of society and the first permanent theatres were built.

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37
Q

How did buildings cause the golden age?

A

Many great homes were built and homes were not built with defence in mind.

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38
Q

How did science and nature cause the golden age?

A

Significant breakthroughs in navigation, astronomy and improved printing presses allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

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39
Q

How did peace, power and pride cause the golden age?

A

Elizabeth brought stability and security to the country.

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40
Q

How did education and literature cause the golden age?

A

Wealthy boys and some girls got education and many great plays were written during Elizabeth’s reign and are still performed today.

41
Q

Why was it not a golden age?

A

Torture and brutal execution, blood sports, majority were poor, life expectancy was low, alchemy and astrology (which is bollocks) was popular.

42
Q

What were the reasons for poverty?

A

Flu outbreak killing farmers, population increases, reformation by Henry VIII closed monasteries so al employees were fired and sick and poor had nobody to care for them, bad harvests and more landlords kept sheep which meant less farmers were needed. Also infaltion.

43
Q

Explain the deserving poor?

A

Many paupers could not help themselves and charities grew and alms-houses were founded.

44
Q

Explain the undeserving poor.

A

Untrustworthy and had no interest in working. For example the counterfeit crank bit soap so he frosted at the mouth so people would feel sympathy and give him money.

45
Q

What did York do to combat the poor?

A

Issued beggars licences with a badge to identify holders and were sent to a house of correction if refused to work.
In 1528, a master beggar was appointed to keep the others in order.

46
Q

What did London do to combat the poor?

A

Bridewell palace was used as a shelter for the homeless, other hospitals were opened for the sick and the homeless.
Bedlam Hospital was built to house the mentally ill.

47
Q

What did Ipswich do to combat the poor?

A

Introduced license system (1569) and youth training scheme was introduced to help children learn a trade and escape poverty.

48
Q

What did Norwich do to combat the poor?

A

The undeserving poor were given food and other forms of care.
Idle poor were given work such as knitting and rich citizens were taxed.

49
Q

What did Sir Francis drake do?

A

Completed first circumnavigation between 1577 and 1580.

50
Q

What did Sir Walter Raleigh do?

A

Established colony on the East coast of America but it did not last.

51
Q

How was exploration possible?

A

Defences, technology and navigation.

52
Q

Who was John Hawkins?

A

Respected sailor and courtier who kidnapped Africans and sold them in South America.

53
Q

What did voyages cause in terms of wealth?

A

Gained wealth through raiding Spanish ships, trade, slave trade and new companies were created to trade in areas.

54
Q

What did voyages cause in terms of power?

A

Naval power grew and weapons and tactics also grew. Skilled command of men like Francis Drake helped this.

55
Q

What did voyages cause in terms of territory?

A

Colonies established in North American in the name of Elizabeth.

56
Q

What were catholic beliefs?

A

Pope is head of church, bible and services in Latin, priests should not marry and highly decorated churches.

57
Q

What were protestant beliefs?

A

Monarch is head of church, ordinary people connect to god through prayer not priests.

58
Q

What did both Catholics and protestants believe in?

A

God created the world and Jesus was God’s son.

Those who challenged the true faith must be punished.

59
Q

What did Elizabeth compromise for religion?

A

Priests could marry, services were in English and she called herself Governor not head of church. Catholics could worship in private.

60
Q

Explain the northern rebellion.

A

Earl of Westmorland and Earl of Northumberland took control of Durham Cathedral and held an illegal catholic mass and marched south with 4600 men but they disbanded when Sussex raised an army.

61
Q

What was the Northern Rebellion inspired by?

A

Elizabeth refused to allow Duke of Norfolk to marry MQS.

62
Q

Explain the papal bull in 1570.

A

Pope stated that Elizabeth was not the true queen and that she was excommunicated as he wanted to stir up a rebellion.

63
Q

Explain the Ridolfi plot 1571.

A

Let by an Italian called Ridolfi but involved Duke of Norfolk and they wanted to put MQS on the throne.

64
Q

Explain the Throckmorton plot in 1583.

A

Led by Throckmorton and plan was to kill Elizabeth and put MQS on the throne and the Catholics would take over England, he was killed.

65
Q

Explain the Babington plot in 1586.

A

Led by Anthony Babington.

Plan was to murder Elizabeth and replace her with MQS but the plan was discovered. Casket letters were found.

66
Q

What was the counter reformation?

A

Try by Catholics to bring protestants down and a key movement was by Jesuits who sent missionaries to England to convert England but people like Campion did not cause much.

67
Q

What did Elizabeth do in 1571 to respond to the catholic threat?

A

Recusancy fines for Catholics who did not take part in protestant services were introduced but the rich could pay and it was not enforced hardly. In 1581 they were increased to 20 pound.

68
Q

Who were the puritans?

A

Strict protestants, wanted plain clothing. Robert Dudley was one and he was powerful.

69
Q

What was Elizabeth’s response to puritans?

A

Punishment of printers for spreading the puritan message and dismissal or imprisonment of hundreds of clergymen.

70
Q

Why did the influence of protestants decline after 1590?

A

Church of England brought stability and people did not want to risk losing it. The death of powerful protestants also lots its influence in court.

71
Q

How did spies help rebellions fail?

A

Elizabeth had huge network of spies to quickly identify threats.

72
Q

How did Elizabeth being a skilled politician help rebellions fail?

A

Good at getting her way and dealt with parliament with great skill.

73
Q

How did punishment help rebellions fail?

A

Did not show mercy and rebels were tortured and consequences were clear.

74
Q

How did unconvincing alternatives help rebellions fail?

A

English ruler better than foreign and Mary was not trusted. This led to no support.

75
Q

Who was MQS?

A

Catholic, cousin, married heir to France and heir to English throne. Fled to England in 1567 as she was accused of murder.

76
Q

Explain the Babington plot of 1586.

A

Babington planned to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. Snuck messages to Mary who backed the plot. The servants who gave the notes were spies. MQS put on trial for treason.

77
Q

Why were Spain angry?

A

Actions of sailors who raided Spanish ports and the fact that Elizabeth rejected King Philip II.

78
Q

What happened in the Netherlands?

A

Protestant uprising in the country and Philip sent troops but Elizabeth sent money and allowed volunteers to go fight.

79
Q

Was the navy of England big?

A

Huge due to Henry VIII and Philip having a big interest in building a big navy, but before the 1500s ships were built to simply get to the battle, not win it.

80
Q

What were the tactics of the navy like?

A

Line of battle formation, raids(enemy took by surprise and ships in ports destroyed), and fireships where old ship would be set alight and sent into the middle of the enemy fleet and would send panic.

81
Q

What was the plan of the Spanish Armada?

A

In 1588 Philip launched his great Armada, 151 ships would sail to Netherlands and collect more men before invading England. He was so confident he filled ships with weapons for Land battles.

82
Q

What happened with England striking first?

A

Spain were delayed so England struck.

83
Q

What happened in the battle of the Armada?

A

England fired from a distance and the Spanish ships were damaged so they retreated.

84
Q

What happened with the weather?

A

Storm blew them off course so their food rotted and their water polluted. Of 151 ships, only 65 returned to Spain.

85
Q

How did English tactics defeat the armada?

A

Fireships broke formation, cannons and faster ships/better commanders.

86
Q

How did Spanish mistakes lose them the battle?

A

Ships designed for the Mediterranean and could not cope with the harsh conditions of English Channel and North Sea.

87
Q

What were the consequences of the defeat of the Armada?

A

Proved England was a major naval power. Brought England together and Catholics declared their loyalty. Boosted the idea of the “Golden Age”.

88
Q

Name a famous theatre troupe group.

A

The Lord’s Chamberlain’s Men

89
Q

What is the mnemonic for Elizabethan accomplishments of the golden age?

A

BAT SLEEP

90
Q

What does BAT SLEEP stand for in terms of the golden age?

A

Buildings
Art
Theatre

Science and Technology 
Literature 
Exploration 
Education 
Pride, power and peace
91
Q

What is the helpless poor?

A

The sick and the old.

92
Q

What is the able-bodied poor?

A

People considered fit to work for a living.

93
Q

What was the idle poor?

A

People who were able to work but didn’t and were punished for it.

94
Q

What was Elizabeth’s religious compromise called?

A

Elizabeth’s religious settlement.

95
Q

What year was the northern rebellion?

A

1569

96
Q

Why was there conflict between Spain and England regarding the issue of marriage?

A

Mary I was married to King Phillip II of Spain to produce a catholic heir and unite the countries, she died and so did the plan.
Phillip proposed to Elizabeth in 1559, she left him unanswered and so tensions grew as time went on as it looked uncertain that the marriage would happen.

97
Q

Why was there conflict between England and Spain regarding religious difference?

A

England was now Protestant that opposed Catholic Spain.

98
Q

Why was there conflict between England and Spain regarding the actions of sailors?

A

Raids and stealing treasure in Spain was popularised by Elizabeth so England could develop economically as they were in poverty.

99
Q

Why was there conflict between England and Spain regarding the papal bull?

A

The pope excommunicated Elizabeth and called for all Catholics to challenge her rule. As a Catholic, Phillip was keen to follow the Pope’s instructions.

The Real Deal History (17 decks)

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