Elimination Flashcards
What is nocturnal enuresis?
Also called bedwetting, it is the involuntary passing of urine during sleep. It often occurs because the feeling of the small bladder does not awaken the child during the night and instead stimulates an automatic voiding reflex. It is especially prevalent in children who are deep sleepers.
What is the involuntary passing of urine when control should be established (approximately 5 years of age), that is a problem for some school-age children?
Enuresis
What is polyuria?
The production of abnormally large amounts of urine by the kidneys, often several liters more than the clients usual daily output. Polyuria can occur after excessive fluid intake, or it may be associated with diseases such as diabetes, and chronic nephritis.
A medical condition in which extreme thirst leads to compulsive intake of excessive amounts of fluid, is associated with polyuria.
Polydipsia
Factors affecting urinary elimination
Fluid and food intake- when the amount of fluid intake increases, the fluid output normally increases accordingly.
Muscle tone- good muscle tone maintains the elasticity and contractility of the detrusor muscle, allowing the bladder to feel adequately an empty completely.
Psychosocial factors- stimulation of the micturition reflex may be affected by privacy, positioning, sufficient time, and occasionally, running water. Absence of the clients accustomed conditions may produce anxiety and muscle tension that prevent the individuals relaxing the abdominal and perineal muscles and the external urethral sphincter, so voiding is inhibited.
Pathological conditions- some renal diseases and conditions affect the formation and excretion of urine.
Surgical and diagnostic procedures- some surgical and diagnostic procedures affect the passage of urine and even the urine itself.
Medications- many medications, particularly those affecting the autonomic nervous system, interfere with the normal urination process and may cause retention.
Absence of urine production.
Anuria
Scant urine output, usually less then 500 mL per day or 30 mL per hour for an adult.
Oliguria
Extra: May result from abnormal fluid losses or a lack of fluid intake, it often indicates impaired blood flow to the kidneys or impending renal failure, and it should be reported promptly to the primary care provider. Rapid restoration of renal blood flow and urinary output may prevent renal failure.
Voiding at frequent intervals, that is, more than 4 to 6 times a day. Increased fluid intake causes some increase in the frequency of voiding.
Urinary frequency
Normal findings during an abdominal assessment
The abdomen should be slightly concave, symmetrical, without distention or masses.
Urinary urgency
Strong desire to void that may be caused by inflammation or infection in bladder or urethra
Painful or difficulty voiding
Dysuria
Voiding that occurs more than usual when compared with clients regular pattern or generally excepted norm of voiding once every 3 to 6 hours
Urinary frequency
Undue delay and difficulty in initiating voiding
Urinary hesitancy
A large volume of urine voided at any given time
Polyuria
A small volume of urine or output between 100 and 500 mL/24 hours
Oliguria
Excessive urination at night, interrupting sleep
Nocturia
RBC’s in urine
Hematuria
Bladder emptying is impaired, urine accumulates, and bladder becomes over distended
Urinary retention
Prostatic hyperplasia, surgery, medications such as anticholinergics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiparkinsonian agents, antihypertensives can all be causes of what common urinary elimination problem?
Urinary retention
Involuntary urination
Incontinence
