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NUS 110 > Elimination > Flashcards

Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrient absorption and digestion occurs in the ______

A

Upper GI tract, specifically the small intestine

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2
Q

The stomach secretes _____

A

Digestive juices

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3
Q

The _____ produces bile and the _____ stores the bile.

A

The liver and the gallbladder

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4
Q

The lower GI’s function is to:

A

Absorb water and electrolytes (800-1,000 mL/day)

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5
Q

3 facts about peristalsis:

A

1) occurs every 3-12 minutes
2) mass peristaltic movement occur 1-4 times/24 hours
3) 1/3 - 1/2 of ingested food is excreted in 24 hours, the rest within 48 hours

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6
Q

Opioids effect on elimination:

A

Decrease G.I. motility, leading to constipation

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7
Q

Diuretics effect on elimination:

A

Dry, hard, less frequent stool 

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8
Q

What 2 medications causes loose and frequent stools?

A

1) antibiotics
2) laxatives

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9
Q

Stress incontinence:

A

Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical movement (coughing, laughing, exercising)

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10
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Leakage of large amounts of urine at unexpected times, including sleeping 

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11
Q

Overactive bladder

A

Urinary frequency and urgency, with or without urge incontinence

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12
Q

Functional incontinence

A

Prevention of reaching the bathroom, due to physical disability or cognitive problems 

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13
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine because of a full bladder

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14
Q

Retention issues can arise from:

A

• Obstructions
• Inflammation
• Ineffective, neuromuscular activation within the G.I. tract
• Medication’s

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15
Q

Fight or flight effects defecation how?

A

Blood is shunted from the GI tract and movement/peristalsis is slowed down

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16
Q

Antacids cause the stool to be:

A

White

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17
Q

Anticoagulants and aspirin cause the stool to be:

A

Pink or black due to GI bleeding

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18
Q

Antibiotics cause the stool to be:

A

Green or grey; impaired digestion

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19
Q

Laxatives promote excretion by promoting ______

A

Peristalsis

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20
Q

Inhibited peristalsis caused by opioids or antidiarrheals can cause too much what in the large intestine?

A

Absorption; causing dry stool, and further constipation

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21
Q

Which medicines can cause diarrhea (excluding assisted excretion from laxatives)

A

Antibiotics; amoxicillin, antacids, metformin (diabetes med)

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22
Q

Age of identifying the urge to defecate:

A

18-24 mo

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23
Q

Daytime bowel control is gained by:

A

30 mo

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24
Q

Infants have around __-__ stools a day

A

2 - 10

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25
Q

Why are pregnant women constipated?

A

• decreased peristalsis
• iron prenatal vitamins

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26
Q

What is important to assess during an elimination assessment?

A

COGNITION

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27
Q

Focused elimination exam/assessment includes asking about what 4 things:

A

• elimination aids
• artificial orifice (colostomy)
• recent changes; blood, color
• patterns (characteristics of stool)

28
Q

What does flat contour on the abdomen mean?

A

Diarrhea

29
Q

What does a distended or protruded abdomin mean:

A

Constipation

30
Q

What quadrant do you listen to first?

A

Lower Right- and move counterclockwise moving to the Right Upper next

31
Q

Order of physical abdominal assessment:

A

1) inspect
2) auscultation
3) palpate

32
Q

Hypoactive abdominal sounds indicate:

A

Diminished rate;

• abdominal surgery
• late bowel obstruction

33
Q

Hyperactive bowel sounds indicate:

A

Intense with increased frequency;

• diarrhea
• early, partial bowel obstruction

34
Q

Interventions if bowel sounds are inaudible:

A

Immediate attention; CONTACT PROVIDER

35
Q

Significant findings for abdominal assessment:

A

Absent sounds (2+ minutes)

36
Q

Types of laxatives are:

A

Bulk forming

Osmotic

Stimulant

Stool softeners

Lubricant

37
Q

Bulk forming laxatives:

A

Make the stool bigger and softer by absorbing water

38
Q

Osmotic laxatives:

A

Increase motility by pulling fluids into intestines and washing things down

Example: miraLAX, milk & molasses

39
Q

Stimulant laxative:

A

Stimulates nerves in intestines

Ex: dulcolax, Senna

40
Q

Stool softeners:

A

Decreases the tension between water and fat, lubricating the stool 

41
Q

Lubricant laxative:

A

Coating still with fat or water to slow down absorption

Ex: colace, mineral oil

42
Q

Examples of antidiarrheals:

A

Imodium & pepto-bismol

43
Q

Reasons for an ordered enema:

A

• prevent involuntary escape during surgery
• radiograph or instrument exam in colon
• establishing normal routine during bowel training program
• acute pain
• constipation

44
Q

Contraindications for enemas:

A

1) bowel obstruction (you can worsen it)
2) surgery on bowel, prostate or colon; intentional injury- enema could irritate
3) bowel inflammation/infection
4) severe abdominal pain

45
Q

Why is the patients LOC or dizziness important when assessing prior to enema administration?

A

The stimulation of the vagal nerve in the anus increases effects of the parasympathetic system;

REDUCES HEART RATE- bad if patient is already dizzy

46
Q

Hypotonic enema

A

Tap water
500-1,000mL
15 min

47
Q

Isotonic enema is:

A

Normal saline solution; not for children

48
Q

The small volume enema is:

A

Hypertonic solution, but avoid where Na+ retention can occur to prevent dehydration

49
Q

Which enema is held in for 30-60 minutes?

A

Oil retention enema

50
Q

Which enema should NOT be used on children?

A

Isotonic, can lead to electrolyte imbalance

51
Q

Diagnostic tests for elimination issues:

A

• occult blood
• stool culture
• biopsy
• CT scan
• MRI
• X-ray

52
Q

Which imaging test gives a more detailed image of the soft tissues?

A

MRI- it uses magnetic waves, giving images not just of the bones but the soft tissue

53
Q

What two procedures require informed consent and why?

A

1) sigmoidoscopy

2) colonoscopy

Informed consent by a doctor because of the anesthesia

54
Q

3 surgical procedures involving the GI include:

A

1) hemmorhoidectomy
2) rectal prolapse repair
3) fecal collection systems

55
Q

Do you need informed consent from a doctor for an upper endoscopy / EGD?

A

No

56
Q

True or false, there can be fecal impact ion and diarrhea occurring together?

A

True, increase fluids and fiber (30g/day)

57
Q

Laxatives for constipation:

A

• bulk forming
• stool softening

58
Q

What is urinalysis used to detect?

A

Acidity or pH

Urine concentration

Presence of protein, ketones, blood, pus

59
Q

Urine culture

A

Used to detect the presence of bacteria and yeast that may cause a UTI

60
Q

Specimens required for a urine culture:

A

Clean specimen; ensuring the genitalia are wiped so they don’t contaminate the sterile urine specimen container.

Pee, stop, pee into cup, stop, pull cup away, continue.

61
Q

24 hour urine collection

A

• Urine collected over a 24 hour period of time
• collected in a special container
• refrigerated
• determines kidneys function

62
Q

Clean catch

A

Used for:
• urinalysis and/or urine culture (UTIs)
• pee, stop, pee into cup, method

63
Q

What technique does catheterization require?

A

Sterile technique to avoid infection

64
Q

Abnormal constituents in urine:

A

• blood
• pus
• protein (albumin)
• glucose
• ketone
• bile
• bacteria (gross amounts)
• casts

65
Q

If both BUN and creatinine levels are elevated, that could mean what two things:

A

1) renal damage
2) heart failure

66
Q

Pus in urine

A

Pyuria

NUS 110 (5 decks)

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