Elements of Persuasive Speaking

Question 1

What is a claim

Answer 1

an expressed opinion that arguer wants to be accepted

Question 2

What is a presumption

Answer 2

default position we assume until given good reasons to change it

Question 3

Presumption is what

Answer 3

status quo

Question 4

What is status quo

Answer 4

present conditions, presumed correct until proven otherwise

Question 5

What is the burden of proof

Answer 5

obligates arguers to provide good & sufficient reason for changing what is already accepted

Question 6

when making a claim, the claimant assumes what?

Answer 6

the burden of proof

Question 7

3 types of claims

Answer 7

1. Fact claim
2. Values claim
3. Policy Claims

Question 8

What is the claim that make inferences about the past, present, or future conditions or relationships (ex: cell phone cause brain damage) -can be objectively proven

Answer 8

fact claim

Question 9

What is the claim that deal with issues of “good or right” or “wrong.” By nature, cannot be objective verified (opinion). (ex: Burger King is better than McDonalds)

Answer 9

Value claim

Question 10

What is the claim that deal w/ issues involving what should happen.
-compromised of various sub-issues, some which are factual & some which are valid in nature

Answer 10

Policy claim

Question 11

How to differentiate the claims?

Answer 11

Fact: is something true?
Value: is something morally good pr bad/worthwhile, does it advance desirable goals?
Policy: should we do something?

Question 12

What is the motivational appeal to anger

Answer 12

Anger Activism model - developed by Turner, attempts to explain the relation between anger and persuasion. Anger provoke desired behavior change when conditions are met

Question 13

What are the conditions to the motivational appeal to anger

Answer 13

1. target audience initially agrees w/ your message
2. anger produced is fairly angry but not rage
3. audience perceive that they can act effectively and constructively address their anger

Question 14

What is the appeal to fear and what does it depend on

Answer 14

1. audience feels vulnerable
2. specific action recommended what to do addresses the fear
3. recommendation perceived as effective
4. action has to be doable
5. overall argument is credible

Question 15

What is framing

Answer 15

-influence wording has on our perception of a concept or idea
determines whether people notice problems, understand & remember problems & how they act upon them

Question 16

3 ways to address counterarguments

Answer 16

1. refute = direct address w/ your own reasoning and evidence
2. minimize = reduce the importance of the argument, challenge its relevance, prob
3. concede = admit the argument has some merit but maintain that your argument is the better, stronger one