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NEBOSH GC2 Revision Notes > Element 4:- Chemical and biological health hazards and controls > Flashcards

Element 4:- Chemical and biological health hazards and controls Flashcards

1
Q

what is Target Organs:

A
  • A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent
    E.g: Mercury, Lead (the brain)
    Asbestos, Ammonia (the Lungs)
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2
Q

Bodies defences against dust:

A
  • The hair and wetness of the nose
  • The change of direction of the larynx
  • Sneezing and coughing
  • The hair cells in the respiratory tract
  • Tears and blinking of the eyes
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3
Q

Dermatitis Symptoms:-

A

Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, reddening, cracking of skin

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4
Q

Protective measures against dermatitis

A
  • Eliminate the substance
  • Substitution of the substance
  • Barrier creams,
  • Good hygiene practices
  • PPE
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5
Q

Routes of entry in the body

A
  • Inhalation
  • Ingestion
  • Absorption
  • Direct entry
  • Injection
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6
Q

Acute effects:

A

Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure which is usually reversible e.g. Alcohol

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7
Q

Chronic:

A

Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver disease caused by Alcohol

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8
Q

Classification of Hazardous Substances

A

Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. Petrol

Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by burning e.g. acids

Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause damage to health

Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health

Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic damage to health

Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer

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9
Q

Information on Manufacturers Safety data sheets

A
  • Identification of the substance
  • Manufacturers information
  • Composition of the ingredients
  • First-aid precautions
  • Fire-fighting measures
  • Handling and storage
  • PPE
  • Disposal considerations
  • Transport information
  • Regulatory information
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10
Q

adv + disadvantages of Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube)

A 
Adva:
Low cost
Takes little time
Immediate result
Little training
Information during spillage
Good for coarse indication
disadv:
Inaccurate
Positioning of tube
Only a snap shot
Inefficient
Chemical use only
Substance specific
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11
Q

Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal

A

Control of health hazards

Eliminate

Reduce by substitution

Isolate:-
• Total Enclosure
• Segregate the people

Control
•	Engineering Control (LEV)
•	Maintenance of controls
•	Change the work pattern or method
•	Hygiene and housekeeping

PPE

Discipline

Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.
•	Ventilation systems alarmed
•	PPE
•	Emergency showers, eye wash facilities
•	Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures
•	Evacuation procedures
•	Isolation of the area
•	Evacuation of the employees at risk
•	PPE for staff involved in clear up
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12
Q

Local Exhaust Ventilation

A

Main Parts:

- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan

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13
Q

LEV becomes inefficient because of:

Checks opposite of above

A
  • Blocked filters
  • Lack of maintenance
  • Position of hood
  • Unauthorised alterations
  • Broken ducting
  • Wear of fan blades
  • Incorrect settings
  • Increased contaminant level
  • Inadequate design
  • Failure of operators to use it
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14
Q

what is Ammonia

A
  • Strongly
  • alkaline colourless gas
  • with a pungent odour.
  • It’s corrosive
  • cause irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract in small concentrations.

Large concentrations- cause blindness and fluid in the lungs.

(Eye protection and respiratory protection essential)

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15
Q

Asbestos Main types:-

A

Blue, Brown and White

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16
Q

asbestos Diseases:

A
  • Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma
17
Q

Use of asbestos:

A
  • Pipe lagging
  • Wall and roof panels
  • Ceiling tiles
  • Textured coatings
  • Insulation materials
  • Gaskets
  • Brake linings
18
Q

what is Carbon Dioxide

A
  • Colourless
  • odourless gas
  • heavier than air.
  • Low levels increases the rate of respiration
  • high levels depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness /even death.

(Produced in fermentation process e.g. breweries.)

19
Q

what is Carbon Monoxide

A

Colourless
odourless
tasteless gas

Found where incomplete combustion occurs e.g. boilers, vehicle exhausts

Inhalation results in headache, drowsiness, flushed “pink” appearance and ultimately asphyxiation

20
Q

what is cholorine?

A

greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell

highly irritant to the respiratory system

21
Q

what’s Dust:

A

Nuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and conditions such as asbestos, Silicosis.

22
Q

Dust Identification

A
  • Visual signs of dust
  • Dust lamps
  • Static or personal sampling
  • Health surveillance
23
Q

Control measures for dust:

A
  • Elimination
  • Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders
  • Enclosure of the process
  • Local exhaust ventilation
  • Vacuuming instead of sweeping
  • Damping down
  • Limiting time of exposure
  • Limiting numbers exposed
  • Respiratory protective equipment
24
Q

what’s lead?

A

heavy, soft and easily worked metal.

Can enter body by eating contaminated food but usually by breathing fumes or dust.

Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the nervous system sometimes death in severe cases.

25
Q

what’s Organic Solvents?

A

These dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and degreasing agents. They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room temperature so their vapours can be drawn into the lungs.
Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects may be headaches, nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and in extreme cases in death.

26
Q

what’s Isocyanates ?

A

Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams.
Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma.

27
Q

what’s Silica ?

A

Found in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from breathing it in which can lead to the lung disease silicosis.

28
Q

what is Leptospirosis or Weils disease?

A

Bacteria found in urine of female rats

  • most common source is in river water, sewers etc. -Enters the body through puncture of the skin or ingestion.
  • Attacks the kidneys and liver causing high temperatures and may be fatal.
29
Q

what is:

Legionella

A

airborne bacterium found in water sources such as cooling towers, stagnant water etc.
-caused by inhalation of airborne droplets of water containing the legionella bacteria leading to a form of pneumonia i.e. breathing difficulties, high temperature and possible death.

  • greatest risk: are middle aged smokers or elderly people with chest problems.
  • Control measures involve temperature control and monitoring, avoiding “dead legs” legs in pipework, biocide treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.
30
Q

what is Hepatitis?

A

disease of the liver ( cause high temperatures, nausea and jaundice. )

  • It is caused by hazardous substances or a virus.
  • Health workers and those handling bodily fluids are most at risk.
  • The control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices.
31
Q

Control measures for Biological Hazards

A
  • Cleaning and disinfection
  • Water treatment
  • Vermin control
  • Containment of the biological agent
  • Avoidance of sharp implements
  • Proper disposal of contaminated waste
  • Immunisation
  • Persona hygiene
  • PPE
32
Q

Control measures for Waste Storage:

A
  • Sufficient storage area
  • Clearly the label the storage area
  • Ensure storage area secure
  • Protect storage area with bunds etc.
  • Store different types of waste separately
  • Never store incompatible waste together
  • Select appropriate containers
  • Keep quantities of waste to a minimum
  • Protect waste from the elements

NEBOSH GC2 Revision Notes (8 decks)

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