Element 4 Flashcards
Outline the General Requirements for Work Equipment (9)
- Suitable for Task and Environment
- Access to dangerous parts prevented & safeguards used
- Restrict use to competent operators
- Information, instruction, training for users, managers & maintenance staff
- Equipment controls clearly labelled and accessible (important for emergency stop controls and emergency stops)
- Maintained in safe working order and maintenance carried out safely
- Routine inspection of equipment to ensure safe condition
- Work equipment should be: Stable, marked with warning signs and devices, environmental factors such as lighting and space managed
- Operators must obey rules for safe use
Define ‘Suitability’ with regards to work equipment (2)
AND
Give examples (2)
- Suitable for the Task (Spanner not used to hammer a small nail in)
- Suitable for the Environment & Conditions (Non I.S Equipment in Flammable atmospheres or certain electrical equipment used in wet conditions)
Identify types of work equipment (5)
AND
Give and example of each (5)
Work Equipment:
- Hand Tools
- Hand held power tools
- Single Machine
- Mobile Work Equipment
- Machine assemblies
Examples:
- Hammer
- Portable Electric Drill
- Bench Mounted Grinder
- Tractor or Mobile Crane
- Several machines linked together such as in a bottling plant
Outline the factors employers must consider when ensuring work equipment is suitable for the ENVIRONMENT in which it is used (5)
- Lighting
- Space considerations
- Weather
- Other work being carried out which may affect the operation
- The activities of people who are not at work
Identify where employers can find information on whether or not equipment is suitable for the task which it is used for or the environment in which it is used (2)
- Manufacturers Information
- HSE Website
Identify what regulations manufacturers in the UK have to comply with when supplying machinery (1)
- The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008.
Identify the requirements placed on manufacturers in the EU when supplying machinery under the relevant regulations (4)
- Design and manufacture machinery so that it meets essential health and safety requirements
- Create a technical file that contains information showing the product complies with the regulations
- Fix a CE mark to the equipment
- Provide a written declaration of conformity
Outline the hierarchy of control measures created by PUWER with regards to Preventing Access to Dangerous Parts of Machinery (4)
AND
Identify where these controls must be used (2)
- Fixed enclosed guards that encase or surround the dangerous part
- Other Guards and Protection devices (interlocked guards, self adjusting guards, adjustable guards, pressure mats, trip devices and 2 handed controls)
- Protection appliances (Jigs, Holders and Push Sticks)
- Information, instruction, training and supervision
- Each of these precautions must be used where practicable meaning if it can be done then it must be done
With regards to the provision of Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision, explain what principles must be applied by the employer.
- Low Risk Activities (more simple perhaps verbal training)
- High Risk Activities (Instructions on safe use, written instructions, examination)
With regards to the provision of Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision, Outline the requirements for staff who manage operators (1)
They should:
- As a minimum understand the basic principles of safe use of the equipment
With regards to the provision of Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision, Outline why it is important to provide this to maintenance staff (2)
- Undertake activities with minimum risk to themselves and others
- Understand maintenance requirements of the equipment in order to keep it in safe working order.
Identify the various maintenance regimes (3)
- Planned preventive maintenance
- Condition Based Maintenance
- Breakdown maintenance
Outline what Planned Preventive maintenance is (2)
- Carried out a prescribed intervals regardless of condition where parts are replaced or changed
Outline what Condition based maintenance is (1)
- Carried out and parts changed where inspection indicates that use has caused deterioration
Outline what Breakdown Maintenance is (1)
- Where maintenance is only carried out during repair
Outline why maintenance staff may be at greater risk when carrying out these activities (9)
- Guards and enclosures removed to allow access
- Safety Devices removed or disabled
- Equipment has to be partially removed or dismantled
- Power sources exposed
- Stored power accidentally released
- Access awkward
- Manual Handling
- Additional Hazards of Tools and equipment used for the maintenance work (Power Tools etc)
- Workers may be under pressure to complete the job quickly (especially with breakdown maintenance)
Outline what precautions can be taken to reduce the risks of maintenance work for maintenance staff? (7)
- Carried out by competent staff
- Power sources isolated, physically locked off
- Stored Power released or secured to prevent accidental discharge
- If no isolation possible - cover live parts, insulated tools and PPE to be used
- If dangerous moving parts have to be accessed - run at slower speeds and fit maintenance guards
- Precautions taken to allow safe access especially WAH
- Handling aids used to reduce manual handling risks
Outline the basic characteristics of equipment stop and start controls. (6)
- Well designed and easy to use
- Placed at suitable locations on the equipment
- Easily identifiable
- Kept in good working order
- Compliant with relevant standards
- Stop controls easy to see and reach and override all other controls
Give the main difference between start and stop controls (1)
- Start controls are usually recessed and harder to operate accidentally whereas stop controls are easy to see and reach.
With regards to work equipment, Outline the considerations with regards to Lighting (4)
- Adequate General workplace lighting provided around equipment
- Local Lighting above machinery
- Suitable for type of equipment (ie no flicker near rotating machinery due to the stroboscopic effect)
- Suitable for the environment (intrinsically safe in a flammable atmosphere)
With regards to work equipment being adequately marked, Identify some typical markings that may be found on work equipment (6)
- Stop and start controls
- Abrasive wheel rotating speeds
- SWLs
- Colour coding of Gas Cylinders
- Contents of storage vessels and nature of hazardous contents
- Pipework Colour coding
Identify what Space Considerations can be made with regards to work equipment (2)
- Operators having adequate space to move around work equipment safely
- Other people able to move around safely without close proximity to dangerous moving parts or presenting a hazard to the operator.
Outline the responsibilities of users of work equipment. (8)
- Only operate equipment they are authorised to
- Operate equipment in accordance with instruction and training
- Only use equipment for its intended purpose
- Pre use safety Checks
- Not use unsafe/damaged equipment
- Report defects immediately
- Not use under influence
- Keep equipment clean and maintained in safe working order
Outline some hazards associated with the use of hand tools (5)
- Human error (Striking a finger)
- Tool shattering during use (sharp fragments)
- Tool Blunt leading to excessive force & loss of control
- Handle coming loose during use
- Misuse of tool (Screwdriver used as a crowbar)
Outline the reason why power tools create a greater risk than hand held tools (2)
AND
Give an example supporting why this is the case (1)
- The force generated by power tools is far greater and thus the potential for injury is far greater.
- Power tools have additional hazards such as: Electricity, Fuel, Noise, Vibration, Dust, Ejection of material, Trip Hazards.
Example:
- Ruptured disc from a disc cutter could cut an arm off, this would not happen with a handsaw.
Identify the typical hazards associated with power tools (7)
- Electricity
- Fuel
- Noise
- Vibration
- Dust
- Ejection of materials
- Trip Hazards
Outline the steps management should take to ensure safe use of portable power tools (7)
- Suitable for task & environment
- Operators trained and given information on safe use then competence verified
- Supervision to ensure safe use
- Pre use inspection by operators & formal inspections by managers or supervisors
- Substandard tools repaired or discarded
- Maintained in safe working order according to a maintenance schedule
- Maintenance carried out by competent personnel only and records kept (tool labelled with next maintenance date)
Outline the PRACTICAL precautions operators need to take to ensure safe use of portable power tools (8)
- Only used for intended purpose and within their design specification
- Guards and safety devices fitted
- Correct PPE always used
- Trailing cables positions so as not to cause a trip hazard and will not be damaged by passing vehicles
- Ejected parts controlled to stop risk to others nearby
- Dust exposure controlled by damping down or use of respiratory protective equipment
- Noise exposure controlled (PPE)
- Vibration exposure controlled (Rotating use etc)
With regards to fuel powered portable power tools, outline the precautions necessary for storing and handling petrol (2)
- Stored in labelled, metal container, in well ventilated area, secure area away from ignition sources
- Handled with care in a well ventilated area (preferably outside) away from ignition sources.
Identify the mechanical hazards of machinery (11)
- Crushing
- Shearing
- Cutting
- Severing
- Entanglement
- Drawing in
- Trapping
- Impact
- Stabbing or Puncture
- Friction or Abrasion
- High Pressure Fluid Injection
Identify the NON mechanical hazards of machinery (9)
- Electricity
- Noise
- Vibration
- Hazardous substances
- Radiation (Ionising/Non ionising)
- Extreme Temperatures
- Ergonomics
- Slips, Trips & Falls
- Fire & Explosion
Explain Crushing (2)
- Body or body part trapped between 2 moving parts or one moving part and a fixed object
Explain Shearing (2)
- Part of the body (usually the fingers) trapped between 2 moving parts of machine, like a guillotine.
Explain Cutting or Severing (1)
- Contact is made with a moving sharp edge part such as a blade
Explain Entanglement (2)
- Loose items such as hair and clothing get caught on rotating parts of the machine and the person is wound into the machine
Explain Drawing in or Trapping (2)
- A part of the body is caught between two moving parts and drawn into the machine - e.g. at ‘in running nips’
Explain Impact (1)
- Body is struck by a powered part of the machine
Explain Stabbing or Puncture (2)
- Sharp parts of a machine or sharp ejected parts penetrate the body (swarf, nail from nail gun, sewing machine needle)
Explain Friction or Abrasion (2)
- Contact made with a fast moving surface which may be smooth or rough (Bench Grinder)
Explain High pressure fluid injection (3)
- Fluid at very high speed ejected from machine and penetrates the skin (hydraulic hoses on a torquing machine)
With regards to fixed guards, identify the main feature of an
- Enclosing Guard (1)
- Perimeter Guard (1)
- Shaped to fit the machine quite closely
- Like a fence around the machine
Outline the basic principles of a Fixed Guard (3)
- Completely prevents access to dangerous parts
- It is in a fixed place
- Fixings require a tool for removal - the guard must not be removable by finger force alone
Outline the NON mechanical hazards fixed guards can protect against (6)
- Preventing access to electrical conductors
- Containing Radiation Sources
- Preventing access to hot surfaces or hot parts
- Noise
- Dust
- Swarf or other hazardous materials ejected from the machine
Identify the main disadvantage of using Fixed Enclosed Guards (1)
- Totally prevents easy access to machine which may be required for maintenance activities
Identify different types of Guards for Machinery (8)
- Fixed Guards
- Interlocked Guards
- Adjustable and Self Adjusting Guards
- Sensitive Protective Equipment (Trip Devices)
- Two-Hand Controls
- Hold To Run Controls
- Emergency Stop Controls
- Protective Appliances
Outline the basic principles of Interlocked Guards (4)
- Power to the machine disabled and machine will not operate until the guard is in place
- Either the guard is locked shut until it is safe for the guard to open - or - the act of opening the the guard stops the dangerous parts and disables power
- Will not allow the machine to restart until the guard has been properly closed
- Will not allow the machine to re-start until the guard has been properly closed
Identify machines that have interlocked guards incorporated (2)
- Washing Machine
- Microwave
Identify the main limitation of using interlocked guards and give an example (2)
- Easy to bypass
- For example, climbing over an interlocked guard to access a component of a bottling plant machine.
Due to the relative ease of bypassing an interlocked guard, outline what steps can be taken to reduce the risk of this happening (3)
- The appropriate type is used
- Strict rules imposed about safe use of interlocking guards
- Regular maintenance is carried out
Give the reason for using Adjustable and Self Adjusting Guards and give an example of the type of work and machinery these are normally used for (2)
- Used when it is not possible to completely prevent access to dangerous parts.
- Woodwork or metalwork where a piece of material has to be fed into the machine such as a Table Saw
Identify the main characteristic of
- An Adjustable Guard (1)
- Self Adjusting Guard (1)
- Can be set to a range of positions by the operator
- Does the same thing but is spring loaded or linked to the machine parts
Give the main limitations of using Adjustable and self Adjusting Guards (3)
- Do not completely prevent access to dangerous parts
- Are very easy to defeat
- Rely entirely on operator competence
Give the main characteristics of Sensitive Protective or Trip Devices (3)
- A form of sensor is used to detect the presence of an operator and stop the machine
- Intended to minimise the severity of an injury
- Does not put a physical barrier between the operator and the dangerous part
Identify types of Sensitive Protective or Trip Devices (3)
AND
Give a brief description of how they operate (3)
- Pressure safety mats (Detects weight, stops machine)
- Trip Bars (Positions close to dangerous parts, when touched, stops machine)
- Photoelectric Devices (Shines Beam of light across access points)
Outline the main limitations of Sensitive Protective or Trip Devices (5)
- Do not provide a physical barrier
- Can be overridden (ie platforms to span over a pressure sensitive mat)
- May not operate fast enough to prevent harm
- May be overly sensitive
- Are more complicated than simple physical guards therefor may fit more frequently
Give the main feature of Two-Hand Controls (1)
- Operation of the machine can only be achieved when 2 start buttons are pressed at the same time.
Identify the important principles of Two-Hand Controls (3)
- Controls must be more than one hand span apart
- Controls must be activated simultaneously
- Releasing the controls must stop the machine immediately
Give the main limitations of using Two-Hand controls (2)
- Do not protect other parts of the body
- Are relatively easy for two operators working together to bypass the system
Give the important principles of Hold-to-Run Controls (2)
- The handle or pedal must be held at all times in order for the machine to operate
- Releasing the control must stop the machine immediately
Outline the main limitations of Hold-to-Run controls (3)
- Do not protect any parts of the operators body
- Can be held or operated by a person other than the operator
- Can be easily defeated by the operator
Outline the key principles of Emergency stop controls (4)
- They should bring the machine to a safe stop as quickly as possible
- They machine should require resetting after using the button ensuring the machine cannot be started up again until this has happened
- Release of the button should not start the machine
- Should never be used as a substitute for machine guarding or protection devices
Outline the main limitations of Emergency Stop Controls (3)
- They are only used once the danger has been sensed by the operator and by then its too late
- A person trapped may not be able to reach the emergency stop
- It may not stop the machine quickly enough to prevent injury
Outline the reason why gloves may not be a suitable item of PPE to use with some machinery (1)
- Increases the risk or drawing in or entanglement and may increase the severity of injury
Outline Photocopier
- Hazards (4)
- Controls (3)
Hazards:
- Drawing in and entanglement from contact with moving parts
- Electricity
- Contact with hot parts
- Health Hazard from ozone (an irritant gas: unstable form of oxygen)
Controls:
- Fixed and interlocked guards
- Routine inspection and PAT testing
- Use in Ventilated room
Outline Paper Shredder
- Hazards (3)
- Controls (2)
Hazards:
- Cutting and drawing in (running nip)
- Electricity
- Ergonomic from handling of waste
Controls:
- Fixed and interlocked guards
- Routine inspection and PAT testing
Outline Bench-Top Grinder
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards
- Abrasion
- Drawing in at nip point between wheel and tool rest
- Puncture by ejected parts
- Entanglement with the spindle
- Electricity
- Hot Parts Cause by friction
- Dust
- Noise and Vibration
Controls
- Fixed enclosed guards around motor and part of abrasive wheel
- Adjustable polycarbonate eye guards over the exposed part of the wheel
- Tool rest adjusted to minimise nip point between the rest and the wheel
- Restricting use to competent operators
- P.P.E (Hearing Protection, Goggles)
- Routine inspection and PAT Testing
Outline Pedestal Drill
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Entanglement
- Stabbing or puncture (drill bit/swarf)
- Impact if struck by jammed spinning workpiece
- Drawing in at nip points between motor and drive belts.
- Electricity
- Noise
- Hot Parts
- Hazardous substances
Controls:
- Fixed guards over motor and drive mechanisms
- Adjustable (possibly interlocked) guard over the chuck and drill bit
- Clamp to secure workpiece to base
- P.P.E (Impact goggles/ear plugs/gloves)
- Routine inspection and PAT testing
- Restricting use to trained operators
Outline Cylinder Mower (Petrol Driven Ride-on Type)
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Cutting on contact with moving blades
- Impact or crushing
- Entanglement in moving parts
- Drawing in at ‘nip points’
- Noise
- Vibration
- Fire & Explosion
- Health hazard from allergies to pollen
Controls:
- Fixed Guards over the drive mechanism
- Safety switch under seat to ensure driver is in seat before machine operates
- Restricted Use to competent operators
- Hearing protection
- Fuelling in well ventilated area
- Job rotation for full body vibration
- Restricting workers with sensitisation using machine
Outline Strimmer (Petrol Driven)
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Cutting
- Entanglement
- Puncture by ejected objects
- Noise
- Vibration
- Fire & Explosion
- Ergonomic hazards (repetitive, twisting, carrying)
- Health hazard from atomised animal faeces
- Health hazard from pollen allergy
Controls:
- Fixed enclosed guards over motor and drive mechanisms
- Partial side guards around cutter head
- Safety interlocked throttle trigger to prevent accidental operation of the throttle
- P.P.E (Visor, Steel Toe Caps, Ear plugs, gloves dust mask)
- Job rotation for vibration
- Harness to support machine
- Refuelling in ventilated area
- Restricted use to trained operators
Outline Chainsaw (petrol driven)
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Cutting
- Entanglement
- Drawing in at nip point between blade and casing
- Puncture by ejected parts
- Noise
- Vibration
- Fire & Explosion
- Ergonomic considerations
- `Health hazard from dust and sap
Controls:
- Fixed enclosing guards over motor & drive mechanisms
- Hand Guard for front hand grip
- Chain Brake to stop chain in event of kick back
- Safety interlocked throttle trigger to prevent accidental operation of throttle
- Job Rotation for Vibration
- Refuelling in well ventilated area
- Appropriate PPE (Face Visor & Impact Goggles, Hearing protection, stout gloves, Steel toe cap boots, Cut resistant trousers of chaps, stout shirt)
Outline Compactor
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Crushing inside during operation
- Shearing between moving arms
- Crushing on impact by ejected bale or container lorry
- Electricity
- High pressure fluid injection (hydraulics)
- Ergonomic from handling material during loading
Controls:
- Fixed perimeter guard around loading area
- Interlocked Guard to allow access to loading area
- Routine inspection and maintenance by competent engineers
- Restricting Use to competent operators
Outline Checkout Conveyor System
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Drawing in at nip points between the belt and counter top
- Entanglement with the motor and rollers
- Friction on contact with the moving belt
- Electricity
- Ergonomic Factors (Handling items while seated
- Non ionising Radiation from the laser barcode scanner
Controls:
- Fixed and interlocked guards to motor and drive mechanisms
- Trip fitted to the conveyor to prevent drawing in
- Routine inspection and PAT Testing
- Restricted use to trainer operators
Outline Cement Mixer
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Entanglement with drum or motor
- Drawing in at nip points between motor and drive
- Crushing between the drum and drums stop when tipping
- Friction or abrasion on contact with moving drum
- Electricity
- Ergonomic from handling when loading
- Health Hazard from cement dust and wet cement
Controls:
- Fixed Guards to motor and drive mechanisms
- Routine inspection and PAT Testing
- Restricting use
- Hand and Eye Protection
Outline Bench-Mounted Circular Saw
- Hazards
- Controls
Hazards:
- Cutting on blade
- Entanglement with the drive motor
- Drawing in at nip points between motor and drive belt
- Ejection of the workpiece during cutting
- Electricity
- Noise & Vibration
- Health Hazard from inhalation of wood dust
Controls:
- Fixed Guard fitted to the motor and bottom of cutting blade
- Adjustable Top Guard fitted above the blade
- Riving Knife to prevent kickback of workpiece
- PPE (Hearing, Impact resistant eye protection)
- Routine Inspection and PAT testing
- Restricting use
Outline the basic characteristics of a guard of safety device which makes it SUITABLE.
- Meets relevant standards (prevents access to dangerous parts)
- Strong and Robust (to withstand forces it is subjected to)
- Compatible (Must not interfere with machine operation or the process)
- Not easy to defeat or bypass
- Vision (Must not interfere with the need to see in)
- Ventilation (Must not interfere with ventilation needs of machine)
- Easy to maintain and kept in good condition
- Should not have to be removed to allow maintenance on the machine
- Doesn’t increase the overall risk
With regards to Emergency stop buttons outline what consideration must be given to large machines? (1)
- Several emergency stop buttons should be fitted at various locations around the machine.
Identify the basic PHYSICAL requirements with regards to safe use of work equipment (3)
AND
in each case give three examples (9)
Physical Requirements:
- Be stable
- Be appropriately marked
- Have appropriate warnings
Examples:
- Stable - Bolted to floor, Outriggers Fitted, Stabilisers Fitted
- Appropriately Marked - Labels on control panels, SWL’s, Maximum Speeds
- Appropriate warnings - Warning signs by dangerous parts, flashing beacons, flashing lights
Outline the basic requirements of markings on work equipment (1)
- Marked in a clearly visible manner giving any relevant health and safety information
Identify the precautions that can be taken to ensure safe use of hand tools (5)
- Tools must be suitable for Task & Environment
- Users given appropriate information, instruction, training on safe use
- Visual inspection before use by the user
- Maintained in safe condition
- Supervision to ensure safe working practices are followed
Outline steps which can be taken to reduce the risks associated with using electrically powered work equipment (5)
- Use battery operated tools
- Use a low voltage supply (110v instead of 240v)
- Avoid damage to electrical flex
- Tool, flex and plug routinely inspected by the operator prior to use
- Given formal electrical safety inspection, thorough examination and test
Identify the two categories of Machinery Hazards (2)
- Mechanical Hazards
- Non Mechanical Hazards
Outline the hierarchy of control for dangerous moving parts of machinery mentioned in the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) - Regulation 11
- Fixed Enclosed Guards that encase or surround the dangerous part
- Other Guards and protection devices such as interlocked guards, self adjusting guards, adjustable guards, pressure mats, trip devices and two-hand controls
- Protection appliances such as jigs, holders and push sticks
- Information, instruction, training and supervision
Outline what must be taken into consideration if a fixed guard is used and made form mesh to allow ventilation (1)
- Care must be taken to ensure that the mesh size is not so large as to allow access to dangerous parts
Identify what a Protective Appliance is (1)
- A piece of equipment that allows an operator to keep their hands away from dangerous parts.
Outline when information, instruction, training and supervision becomes even more important (1)
- Where the level of risk is high and it has not been possible to use other controls to safeguard the machinery
