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My Nebosh GC2 > Element 3 > Flashcards

Element 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify typical musculoskeletal disorders (3)

A
  • Back Injuries & Back Pain
  • Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)
  • Other chronic soft-tissue injuries
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2
Q

Outline what Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is (1)

AND

Identify the symptoms (3)

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is:

  • Inflammation of a nerve in the wrist
  • Tingling sensations, pins & needles, numbness in the fingers and arm pain
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3
Q

Outline what Tenosynovitis is (1)

AND

Identify the symptoms (2)

A
  • Inflammation of the tendons in the forearm that makes finger movement difficult and painful
  • Tenderness or pain around a joint
  • Redness running along the length of the tendon
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4
Q

Identify some activities which involve significant risk of musculoskeletal disorders (5)

A
  • DSE equipment use
  • Keyboard operation
  • Factory assembly of small components
  • Supermarket checkout operation
  • Bricklaying
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5
Q

Identify the main ergonomic risk factors of MSD’s (3)

A
  • Task Factors
  • Equipment Factors
  • Environmental Factors
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6
Q

Identify the factors that increase the risk of MSD’s associated with the ‘Task’ (5)

A
  • Repetition
  • Force
  • Posture
  • Twisting
  • Rest & Recovery Time
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7
Q

Identify the factors that increase the risk of MSD’s associated with the ‘Equipment’ (2)

A
  • Equipment Design

- Equipment Adjustability

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8
Q

Identify the factors that increase the risk of MSD’s associated with the ‘Environment’ (3)

A
  • Lighting
  • Glare
  • Other Environmental Parameters
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9
Q

Outline what is meant by ‘Equipment Adjustability’ and give an example (2)

A
  • The scope there is for the user to adjust the equipment to suit their personal preferences.
  • For example, the ability to adjust a computer seat or tilt a computer screen.
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10
Q

Outline what ‘Equipment Design’ refers to with regards to MSDs and the reasons why ‘Equipment Design’ has an impact on the risk of developing an MSD and provide an example. (2)

A
  • Equipment design refers to the design of the equipment itself and how this affects ease of use.
  • A larger handle on a file for example would make the file easier to hold and therefore less force would be required to maintain grip
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11
Q
  • Outline why Glare could increase the risk of developing a musculoskeletal disorder (1)
A
  • Excessive glare may cause a worker to adopt an award posture to avoid the discomfort caused by the glare
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12
Q
  • Identify environmental factors other than lighting and glare that directly affect a workers ability to perform the task and their comfort (3)
A
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Ventilation
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13
Q

Define ‘Ergonomics’ (4)

A
  • The study of the relationship between the worker, the work that they are doing, the tools and equipment that they are using and the environment in which they are working
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14
Q

Outline what the aim of ergonomics is and how this is achieved

A
  • Minimise ill health effects
  • Optimise efficiency
  • By adapting the workplace to suit the individual
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15
Q

When applying the basic ergonomic principle of ‘Adapting the workplace to suit the Individual’ what must be taken into consideration when doing so (4)

A

Taking into account a persons:

  • Physical Attributes (height, shape, muscle strength)
  • Mental Attributes (processing speed, decision making ability)
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16
Q

Identify what the first step is to reducing the risks associated with MSD’s (2)

A
  • Ergonomic Risk Assessment of activities where there is a high risk of MSD’s
  • The Risk Assessment carried out with special focus and consideration of the ergonomic issues associated with the work
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17
Q

Outline why a bricklayer would be especially at risk of developing an MSD. (4)

A
  • The work is repetitive
  • Awkward posture and twisting is necessary
  • Rest periods may be infrequent
  • The work environment may be harsh
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18
Q

Outline what the risks of using Display Screen Equipment may be (4)

AND

Give reasons why (4)

A
  • WRULD’s
  • Back Pain
  • Eye Strain
  • Fatigue & Stress
  • Repetitive use of a keyboard and mouse for long periods of time
  • Poor Posture for long periods of time
  • Prolonged use of the screen
  • Long Hours, call centre staff being verbally abused
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19
Q

Outline control measures than can be taken to reduce the risks associated with using DSE (5)

A
  • Carry out a workstation assessment to ensure the users workstation meets the minimum standards and that the workstation can be adjusted to suit the user
  • Provide equipment that meets minimum standards in terms of good ergonomic design
  • Plan the users work routine so they can take short frequent breaks from screen and keyboard use
  • Provide free eye tests
  • Provide information and training on the potential health risks and the preventive measures - ie: ergonomic use of the workstation
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20
Q

Give the name of the regulations associated with using display screen equipment (1)

A
  • Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992
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21
Q

Outline good ergonomics of a DSE workstation (14)

A
  • Adjustable height and angle to seat back
  • Good Lumbar Support
  • Adjustable seat height to bring hands to a comfortable position on the keyboard and a 5 star base
  • Correct seat height adjustment and keeping feet supported to prevent excess pressures on the thighs and backs of knees
  • Foot Support if user cannot get feet on floor
  • Space for postural change - no obstacles under the desk
  • Forearms Approximately horizontal
  • Minimum extension, flexion or deviation of wrists, wrists straight and flat on the keyboard indicating proper seat height adjustment
  • Screen height adjustable so as to allow comfortable head position
  • Space in front of keyboard to support hands/wrists during pauses in typing - provide a wrist rest
  • Desk laid out to avoid the need for twisting or over-reaching
  • Document holder may be required
  • Headset if using telephone frequently
  • Lighting arranged so as to avoid reflections and screen glare
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22
Q

Outline good ergonomic principles when using a laptop (3)

A
  • Allow only short duration use
  • If short use is not possible, apply same management approach of workstation assessment (Frequent Breaks, Eye Test, Information and Training)
  • Provide a docking station and/or separate screen and keyboard and mouse to allow user to convert to a more adjustable configuration.
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23
Q

Outline what the risks of Factory Assembly work may be (4)

AND

Give reasons why (4)

A
  • WRULD’s
  • Back Pain
  • Eye Strain
  • Fatigue & Stress
  • Repetitive Handling of Parts for long periods of time
  • Standing for long periods of time, over reaching, twisting, stooping to reach parts
  • Eye Strain by focusing on small parts
  • Infrequent rest breaks and demanding work rate
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24
Q

Outline typical control measures which can be implemented to reduce the risk of MSDs associated with Factory Assembly Line work (9)

A
  • Perform an ergonomic risk assessment of the workstation
  • Automate the process to eliminate the MSD risk entirely
  • Arrange the workstation to eliminate the need to stoop, twist or over reach
  • Provide seating if not already available
  • Provide comfortable shoes and floor mats to reduce pressure on the feet if sitting is not possible
  • Short, Frequent Breaks, Job Rotation
  • Lighting levels suited to level of detail
  • Provide ergonomically designed hand tools
  • Information and training to workers on potential risks of MSDs
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25
Q

Outline the risks of MSD’s for Bricklaying (2)

AND

Give reasons why (2)

A
  • WRULD’s
  • Back Pain
  • Repetition
  • Twisting
  • Force (Gripping Heavy Bricks)
  • Infrequent rest breaks
  • Weather Conditions
  • Carrying heavy loads
  • Adopting awkward postures
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26
Q

Outline typical control measures which can be implemented to reduce the risk of MSDs associated with Bricklaying (5)

A
  • Suitable PPE to protect against injury and weather
  • Training in good handling techniques
  • Provision of lifting aids
  • Rest breaks, job rotation
  • Assistance from other workers when transporting bricks to worksite
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27
Q

Outline the risks of MSD’s for Checkout Operators (4)

AND

Give reasons why (6)

A
  • WRULD’s
  • Back Pain
  • Eye Strain
  • Fatigue & Stress
  • Repetition (Scanning, Keying In)
  • Twisting (To Scan Items)
  • Sitting/Standing for long periods of time
  • Lifting & Pulling of items moved from belt to scanner
  • Use of small, fixed, non adjustable displays
  • Dealing with public (potential verbal abuse)
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28
Q

Outline typical control measures which can be implemented to reduce the risk of MSDs associated with Checkout Operator work (9)

A
  • Make workstations as adjustable as possible
  • Provide hand scanners for larger items
  • Mechanise Conveyors
  • Training on Manual Handling
  • Frequent rest breaks and job rotation
  • Design checkouts so not all operate from the same side & rotate staff
  • Training in customer service & management
  • Supervisors available to help deal with complaints
  • Ensure checkouts are well manned
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29
Q

Define ‘Manual Handling’ (1)

A
  • The lifting, carrying, pushing & pulling of a load by bodily force
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30
Q

Identify the factors to focus on when performing a manual handling risk assessment (4)

A

T.I.L.E

  • Task
  • Individual
  • Load
  • Environment
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31
Q

Identify typical injuries associated with manual handling (5)

A
  • Back Injury
  • Tendon & Ligament Injury
  • Muscle Injury
  • Hernias
  • WRULD’s
  • Cuts, Burns, Dislocation & Broken Bones
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32
Q

Explain ‘Back Injury’ (5)

A
  • Spine made up of individual bones (vertebrae) and tough pads (intervertebral disks)
  • Wear and tear occurs and discs become distorted (Prolapsed Disc)
  • Causes Extreme pain & Discomfort
  • Distorted discs trap nerves where they enter the spinal cord
  • Recovery slow & Potentially Incomplete
  • Casualty may have to undergo surgery
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33
Q

Explain ‘Tendon & Ligament Injury’ (5)

A
  • Tendons & Ligaments are connective tissues that joint muscle to bone & bone to muscle
  • When overloaded they tear
  • Causes extreme pain
  • Slow recovery time
  • Operation may be required
34
Q

Outline what ‘Muscle Injury’ is (3)

A
  • Muscles when overloaded can tear
  • Likely to lead to short term impairment
  • Potential long term impairment
35
Q

Outline what a ‘Hernia’ is (4)

A
  • When the sheet muscle that surrounds the gut is overloaded it tears
  • Usually in lower abdomen
  • May not repair naturally
  • Operation may be required
36
Q

Explain Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (5)

AND

Give 2 Examples (2)

A
  • Chronic Soft Tissue Injuries as a result of repetitive movements
  • Usually involve inflammation & discomfort through overuse of the muscles tendons or ligaments
  • Irritation to the nerves causing additional pain
  • Can result in corrective surgery or disability if left untreated
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Inflammation of a nerve in the wrist)
  • Tennis Elbow (Inflammation of the tendons of the elbow)
37
Q

Give the name of the regulations for Manual Handling (1)

A
  • Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992
38
Q

Outline what to consider when risk assessing ‘The Task’ (9)

A
  • Height of the load being picked up or set down?
  • Repetition?
  • Long Carrying Distance?
  • Stooping?
  • Twisting?
  • Opportunity to take rest breaks?
  • Lifting the load through vertical distance?
  • Reaching above shoulder height?
  • Holding the load away from their torso?
39
Q

Outline what to consider when risk assessing ‘The Individual’ (5)

A

Activity requires?

  • Strength,
  • Stamina,
  • Size
  • Technique
  • Does the activity present significant risk to vulnerable individuals such as pre existing back injuries?
40
Q

Outline what to consider when risk assessing ‘The Load’ (6)

A
  • How heavy?
  • Large & Bulky?
  • Stable?
  • COG
  • Difficult to Grip?
  • Sharp or Otherwise Hazardous?
41
Q

Outline what to consider when risk assessing ‘Environment’ (5)

A
  • Restrictions in space?
  • Floor uneven or slippery?
  • Changes in floor level such as steps or stairs?
  • What are the light levels like?
  • Temperature & Humidity
42
Q

Outline the hierarchy of avoiding or minimising the risks associated with manual handling (5)

A
  • Eliminate the manual handling
  • Assess the manual handling that cannon be eliminated
  • Use handling aids
  • Modify the task load or environment
  • Ensure individual capabilities are matched to the activity
43
Q

Outline how manual handling can be eliminated (1)

AND

Give examples (5)

A
  • Automation or mechanisation:
  • Conveyor Belt Systems
  • Forklift Trucks
  • Electric Pallet Trucks
  • Cranes
  • Hoists
  • Other types of moving or lifting equipment
44
Q

Outline what to do when manual handling cannot be eliminated (4)

A

Assess the manual handling using:

  • Task
  • Individual
  • Load
  • Environment
45
Q

Give examples of ‘Handling Aids’ (3)

A
  • Pallet Truck
  • Chain Block
  • Barrel Trolley
46
Q

Outline control measures which can be implemented to reduce the ‘Task’ risks associated with manual handling (3)

A
  • Frequent rest breaks and job rotation
  • Eliminate twisting or stooping by changing the layout of the workstation
  • Use a table or lift to bring the load to waist height to eliminate picking it up from floor level
47
Q

Outline control measures which can be implemented to reduce the risks associated with the ‘Load’ (5)

A
  • Break down a heavy load into smaller parts
  • Use several workers to handle large, bulky loads
  • Stabilise and unstable load that is difficult to grasp
  • Mark up a load with the COG
  • Attach handles to a load that is difficult to grasp
48
Q

Outline control measures which can be implemented to reduce the risks associated with the ‘Environment’ (3)

A
  • Rearrange the workspace to allow more space for the handling activity
  • Level any uneven floors
  • Supply additional lighting in any poorly lit locations
49
Q

Outline control measures which can be implemented to reduce the risks associated with the ‘Individual’ ()

A
  • Ensure capabilities are matched to the manual handling activity:
  • Provide Training if special technique is required
  • If strength, size required, worker must have these characteristics
  • Prohibit vulnerable workers from partaking in any manual handling activities which may pose more risk to them.
50
Q

Outline some good movement principles with regards to lifting:

Before Lifting (3)
The Lift (4)
Setting Down (3)
A

Before Lifting:

  • Check the weight, COG and stability of load
  • Plan the route
  • Establish a firm grip

The Lift:

  • Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift
  • Keep the back upright
  • Keep the load close to the body
  • Avoid twisting, over-reaching and jerking

Setting Down:

  • Use the same principle as when lifting
  • Maintain good balance
  • Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight
51
Q

Identify the GENERAL/TYPICAL hazards associated with lifting and moving equipment (4)

A
  • Collapse or toppling of the equipment
  • Falls from height
  • Falling Objects
  • Being struck by the equipment or load during movement
52
Q

Identify some GENERAL precautions for safe use of lifting and moving equipment (7)

A
  • Suitable in terms of strength and stability
  • Correctly positioned and installed
  • Visibly marked with the SWL
  • Used only by competent operators under appropriate competent supervision
  • Maintained in safe working order
  • Only use for carrying people if it has been designed for that purpose and all additional safety requirements have been implemented
  • Lifting Equipment should be routinely inspected and subjected to a statutory thorough examination by a competent engineer
53
Q

Give examples of Manually Operated Load Handling Equipment (4)

A
  • Pallet Trucks
  • Sack Trucks
  • Pallet Trucks
  • Person Handling Hoists (e.g. bath hoist)
54
Q

Identify hazards associated with Manually Operated Load Handling Equipment (7)

A
  • Manual Handling risks associated with pushing or pulling the truck.
  • Instability of the load causing it to fall
  • Moving up, down or across slopes causing loss of control
  • Poor parking causing an obstruction
  • Striking Pedestrians during manoeuvring
  • Trapped feet under wheels when lowering the load
  • Entrapment of the person being handled
55
Q
  • Identify precautions for safe use of Manually Operated Load Handling Equipment (11)
A
  • Restrict use to trained workers only
  • Following manufacturers recommendations
  • Avoidance of uneven ground or slopes
  • Use of ramps over steps
  • Observing the safe working load limits of the equipment
  • Securing the load if necessary
  • Using brakes (if fitted) whenever the truck is stationary
  • Care when moving or lowering the load
  • Safe parking and storage to avoid obstruction
  • Routine inspection and maintenance
  • Use of safety boots or shoes to avoid crush injuries
56
Q

Give examples of People Hoists and Handling Aids (3)

A
  • Patient Hoists:
  • Small handling aids (slide sheets & transfer boards)
  • Wheelchairs
57
Q

Outline training requirements to ensure safe use of People Hoists and Handling Aids (6)

A

Training in handling techniques should include instruction in the:

  • Different types of equipment available and their appropriate use
  • Safe use of hoists and their slings
  • Re-charging of electric hoists
  • Safe use of small handling aids
  • Identification of possible faults and safety checks that should be made each time before use
  • Procedures to follow when equipment is damaged and unsafe to use, or it fails during use.
58
Q

Give examples of ‘Powered Load Handling Equipment’ (4)

A
  • Forklift Trucks
  • Lifts & Hoists
  • Conveyors
  • Cranes
59
Q

Outline the general hazards associated with ‘Forklift Trucks’ (5)

A
  • Overturn
  • Fall of the load
  • Striking Pedestrians
  • Fall or entrapment of the person riding on the forks
  • Fall from the loading dock
60
Q

Outline typical hazards associated with ‘Battery Powered Forklift Trucks’ (5)

A
  • Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive
  • Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid which is corrosive
  • Manual Handling Hazards (Moving heavy battery)
61
Q

Outline typical hazards associated with ‘Diesel Powered Forklift Trucks’ (5)

A
  • Dermatitis (diesel contact with skin)
  • Diesel Spills (slip hazard)
  • Large Spills (Pollute Environment)
  • Exhaust Fumes (toxic)
  • Hazards associated with bulk storage of diesel
62
Q

Outline typical hazards associated with Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) Trucks (4)

A
  • LPG is an explosive gas
  • Exhaust fumes are toxic
  • LPG cylinders are heavy presenting a manual handling risk
  • Hazards associated with the storage of replacement cylinders or bulk storage of LPG
63
Q

Outline the GENERAL precautions for safe use of forklift trucks (9)

A
  • Restrict use to trained operators only
  • Routine visual inspection before use
  • Routine maintenance in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations
  • Never use the forklift to lift people unless a proper platform is installed
  • Ensure the load on the forks is secure and stable
  • Ensure SWL is not exceeded
  • Observe speed limits
  • Never travel with the forks raised
  • Never travel with obstructed vision
64
Q

Outline precautions for safe use of Battery-Powered Forklift Trucks (4)

A
  • Batteries charged in well ventilated areas away from ignition sources
  • Correct PPE for handling sulphuric acid
  • Battery handling mechanised
  • Insulated tools to reduce the electrical risk
65
Q

Outline precautions for safe use of Diesel Powered Forklift Trucks (3)

A
  • Only used in well ventilated areas
  • Spill Kits should be available
  • Gloves should be worn when handling diesel
66
Q

Outline precautions for safe use of LPG Powered Forklift Trucks (3)

A
  • Only used in well ventilated areas
  • LPG Cylinder Handling Mechanised
  • Spare cylinders stored in secure, well ventilated area
67
Q

Identify when pre use checks should be carried out (1)

AND

Identify what these checks must cover (10)

A
  • Checks carried out at the beginning of each shift

Checks must cover:

  • Tyre Pressures
  • Parking & Service Brakes
  • Steering
  • Fuel, Oil and Water Systems for levels and leaks (in a combustion engine truck)
  • Batteries (charged, leak free, chargers off, leads stored, battery retention device secures
  • Lifting & Tilting System (including hydraulics) are leak free and hydraulic fluid levels are correct
  • Audible Warning
  • Lights
  • Mirrors
  • Any defects reported immediately
68
Q

Identify the main hazards associated with hoists (5)

A
  • Falling objects from the hoist or the hoist itself falling due to structural failure
  • Being struck by hoist
  • Entangled in moving parts

Hazards when the hoist is used to carry people:

  • Falls from height from a landing level or the lift itself
  • Being struck by landing levels, parts of any enclosure or other projections while riding on the platform of the lift.
69
Q

Outline precautions for safe use of hoists and lifts

A
  • Ensure suitable for intended use (people only carried if designed to do so)
  • Preventing people from getting underneath the hoist or the load by enclosing the base of the lift with a fence
  • Safety interlocks at each landing level to prevent falls from height
  • Observe the maximum SWL & Clearly displayed
  • Ensure all safety devices, such as brakes, free fall brakes and interlocks are in full working order
  • Restricting use to trained & competent personnel only
  • Routine maintenance by competent engineers
  • Routine inspection and thorough examination as required
70
Q

Outline the main hazards associated with Conveyors (3)

A
  • Drawing in Hazards (in running nip points)
  • Entanglement (loose clothing)
  • Falling Objects from overhead conveyor systems
71
Q

Outline precautions for safe use of conveyors (9)

A
  • Warning alarms or sirens to warn people the belt is about to start moving
  • Guarding moving parts to prevent entanglement
  • Emergency stop buttons fitted and available for use
  • Barriers to exclude people from the area (protects also from falling objects)
  • Information, instruction, and training for operators
  • Control of loose clothing and loose hair with overalls and hair nets
  • Maintenance by authorised persons to ensure safe running
  • Provision of a defect reporting system
72
Q

Identify typical hazards associated with a mobile crane (5)

A
  • Crane collapsing or toppling over
  • The boom or jib striking a structure
  • The load (or part of it) falling
  • The load striking against objects or people while being manoeuvred.
  • Contact with live overheads
73
Q

Identify the factors which may increase the risk of a mobile crane becoming unstable or toppling over (6)

A
  • Overloading the crane beyond its lifting capacity
  • Siting the crane on uneven or unstable ground
  • Failure to use the outriggers correctly
  • Using the crane in high winds
  • Extending the boom too far out for the weight being lifted
  • Structural failure of parts (due to lack of maintenance)
74
Q

Outline the GENERAL requirements for safe lifting operations (4)

A
  • Equipment strong enough for lifting task and rated for the load to be lifted
  • Equipment stable and secure (outriggers on firm level ground to avoid the outriggers sinking and crane tipping)
  • SWL Marked and visible
  • Lifting operations carried out and supervised by competent persons
  • Equipment used to lift people may be subject to additional regulatory inspections
75
Q

Outline the correct procedure to follow when planning a lifting operation to ensure it is carried out safely (5)

A
  • Carry out lifting risk assessment by competent person to determine correct controls - this forms the basis of the lifting plan
  • Check the crane/equipment has been maintained and has an in-date certificate of thorough examination
  • Restrict use to trained and competent operators only
  • Ensure the crane or lifting device is of the correct type for the job and terrain and is strong and stable
  • Ensure load is within the SWL (this will vary with the length of the boom, so capacity can vary from one load to the next)
76
Q

Outline the correct procedure to follow when carrying out a lifting operation with a crane (

A
  • Sited on firm stable ground away from structures or overheads it may strike
  • Use outriggers correctly
  • Lift planned, supervised, carried out by competent persons
  • Provide Banksman for giving directions to crane driver
  • Ensure safety devices such as overload indicators are operational and used correctly
  • Check weather conditions (Typical tolerance for mobile crane is 31 MPH)
  • PPE
  • Signs and barriers erected to warn and exclude personnel from the area
  • Special requirements for lifting people (more stringent examination requirements)
  • Consideration given to the lifting accessories used
77
Q

Define ‘Slinger’ (1)

A
  • The competent person responsible for preparing and slinging a load in readiness for a crane lift and for attaching or detaching load slings from the crane hook
78
Q

Give examples of lifting equipment accessories (5)

A
  • Chains
  • Wire Ropes
  • Nylon Slings
  • Eye Bolts
  • Shackles
79
Q

Outline the requirements for safe use of lifting equipment accessories (4)

A

They must be:

  • Attached to the correct lifting points
  • Fitted to the load by competent people
  • In Good Condition
  • Regularly Checked by pre use visual inspection and thorough examination
80
Q

Identify the regulations associated with safe lifting operations (1)

A
  • Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
81
Q

Outline the requirements for Statutory Examination of Lifting Equipment (5)

A

Lifting Equipment should be thoroughly examined:

  • Before it is used for the first time (unless it has an in date certificate of thorough examination from the manufacturer or previous owner)
  • Before it is used for the first time where the way that it has been installed will make a difference to its strength and stability
  • Periodically
  • After an event which may have affected its strength and stability
  • Examinations carried out by a competent engineer
82
Q

Outline how often lifting equipment should be examined (3)

A
  • Every 12 months where it is not used to carry people
  • Six months where it is used to carry people
  • Six months for lifting accessories (lifting chains, slings etc)

My Nebosh GC2 (4 decks)

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