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Pathophysiology > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

hyponatremia

A

sodium level less than 135mEq/L

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2
Q

hypokalemia

A

serum potassium level is less than 3.5mEq/L

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3
Q

hypocalcemia

A

serum calcium level less than 8.5 mg/dL

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4
Q

hypernatremia

A

sodium level greater than 145mEq/L

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5
Q

hyperkalemia

A

serum potassium level is greater than 145mEq/L

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6
Q

hypercalcemia

A

serum calcium level is greater than 11mg/dL

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7
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

serum magnesium level is less than

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8
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

serum magenisum level is greater than 2.1mEq/L

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9
Q

hypophosphatemia

A

serum phosphorus level is less than 2.0mg/dL

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10
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

serum phosphorus level is greater than 4.5mg/dL

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11
Q

hyperchloremia

A

serum chloride level is greater than 110mEq/L

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12
Q

hypochloremia

A

serum chloride level is less than 94mEq/L

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13
Q

normal serum sodium level

A

135 to 145 mEq/L

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14
Q

normal serum potassium level

A

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

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15
Q

normal serum chloride level

A

96 to 106 mEq/L

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16
Q

normal serum phosphorus level

A

2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

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17
Q

normal serum calcium level

A

8.4 to 10.2mg/dL

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18
Q

normal serum magnesium level

A

1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L

19
Q

sodium functions

A
  • regulates osmolality
  • helps maintain blood pressure
  • helps maintain acid-base balance
  • promotes transmission of nerve impulses to muscle and tissues with the help of other electrolytes
20
Q

potassium functions

A
  • maintains fluid balance in the cells
  • contracts skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
  • helps breakdown carbohydrates and fats
  • promotes cellular growth
  • helps maintain acid-base balance
21
Q

calcium function

A
  • development of teeth & bones
  • maintain muscle tone
  • helps regulated BP by aiding in cardiac contractility
  • co-factor in the clotting cascade
  • aids in contraction of skeletal and cardiac muscles
22
Q

magnesium functions

A
  • coenzyme for metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins
  • maintain bone strength and health
  • aids in smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
23
Q

phosphorus functions

A
  • acid-base buffer
  • transport fatty acids
  • provides engery (ATP) for muscle contractions

ATP=adensoine triphosphate

24
Q

chloride functions

A
  • maintains acid-base balance
  • stimulates stomach acid for digestion
25
Q

sodium abbreviation

A

na+

26
Q

potassium abbreviation

A

K+

27
Q

calcium abbreviation

A

Ca+

28
Q

phophorus abbreviation

A

PO4

29
Q

chloride abbreviation

A

Cl-

30
Q

magnesium abbreviation

A

Mg+

31
Q

Causes for hypomagnesemia

A
  • chronic alcoholism
  • malabsorption or malnutrition
  • use of diretics
  • DKA
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • hyperaldosteronism
32
Q

causes for hypermagnesemia

A
  • renal failure
  • excessive intake of magnesium containing antiacids
  • adrenal deficiency
33
Q

causes for hyperphosphatemia

A
  • renal failure
  • chemotherapy
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • increase consumption of foods high in phosphorus
  • excessive use of phosphorus containing laxatives or enemas
34
Q

causes for hypophophatemia

A
  • intestinal malabsorption
  • hyperparathyroidism (increase in renal excretion)
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • excessive intake of phosphate-binding antacids
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • long-term alcohol abuse
35
Q

causes for hyperchloremia

A
  • excessive intake of sodium chloride (orally or intravenous)
  • hypernatremia
36
Q

causes for hypochloremia

A
  • excessive persperiation
  • in alkalosis during early phases of vomiting with a lost of hydrochloric acid from the stomach
37
Q

causes for hypercalcemia

A
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • overdose of vitamin D
  • bone metastases from cancer
38
Q

causes for hypocalcemia

A
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • decrease intestinal absorption
  • decrease in vitamin D
  • administration of blood products
  • acute pancreatitis
39
Q

causes for hyperkalemia

A
  • renal failure
  • excessive potassium intake from food or salt substitutes
  • hydroaldosteronism
  • cellular damage from traumas (crush injuries or burns)
  • medications- potassium sparing diruetics, ACE inhibitors, and NSAIDS
  • acidosis-metabolic or respiratory

ACE Inhibitiors- angiotensin-converting enzyme or NSAIDS-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

40
Q

causes for hypokalemia

A
  • GI Losses (diarrhea, gastric suctioning, ostomy fluids, or vomiting
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • metabolic acidosis
  • pernicious anemia
41
Q

causes for hypernatremia

A
  • medications and meals (too much salt intake)
  • osmotic diuretic agents
  • diabetes insipidus
  • excessive water loss
  • low water intake (leads to dehydration)
42
Q

causes for hyponatremia

A
  • fluid overload (IV or oral)
  • hyperglycemia, SIADH, heart failure
  • aggressive diuretic therapy
  • GI losses (diarrhea, fistulas, vomiting)
  • excessive sweating (sodium loss)
43
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)

44
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions (chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate)

Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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