Cell Terminology

Question 1

decreased size of cells; results in a reduced tissue mass; Common causes include reduced use of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation, and aging. An example is the shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks.

Answer 1

atrophy

Question 2

increase in size of individual cells, leads to increased tissue mass; increase may be caused by additional work by the tissue, as demonstrated by an enlarged heart muscle resulting from increased demands, A common example is the effect of consistent exercise on skeletal muscle, leading to an enlarged muscle mass. Excessive hormonal stimulation may also stimulate cell growth.

Answer 2

hypertrophy

Question 3

increased number of cells causing increased tissue mass,

Answer 3

hyperplasia

Question 4

one mature cell type is replaced with another type; squamous cells to glandular cells or vice versa are common types

Answer 4

metaplasia

Question 5

tissue varies in size & shape, have large nuclei and increased rate of mitosis, this situation may result from chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change. Detection can be done through the basis of routine screening tests for atypical cells such as the Pap smear

Answer 5

dysplasia

Question 6

cells undifferentiated, nuclei and cell structures varies, it is seen in most but not all malignant tumors and is the basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor.

Answer 6

anaplasia

Question 7

new growth which is commonly called a tumor which can be either benign or malignant. Malignant tumors are cancerous while benign

Answer 7

neoplasia

Question 8

reduced oxygen in the tissue

Answer 8

hypoxia

Question 9

programmed cell death

Answer 9

apoptosis

Question 10

death of one or more cells or a part of tissue or an organ due to irreversible damage

Answer 10

necrosis

Question 11

decreased oxygen supply to a tissue or organ due to obstruction of the circulation

Answer 11

ischemia

Question 12

an area of dead cells due to lack of oxygen

Answer 12

infarction

Question 13

a total lack of oxygen

Answer 13

anoxia

Question 14

The destruction of cells by its own enzymes

Answer 14

autolysis

auto- self lysis- loosening

Question 15

an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron

Answer 15

free radical

Question 16

condition of being weak or delicate

Answer 16

fraility

Question 17

stiffening of joints and muscles of the body a few hours after death

Answer 17

rigor mortis

Question 18

muscle loss and strength that can occur in the elderly population

Answer 18

sacropenia

Question 19

patients who are immobolized for a long period of time exhibit this condition

Answer 19

disuse atrophy