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MLSCI 360 > Electrochemistry & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrochemistry & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Na+ reference range

A

133 - 146 mmol/L
Crit = <125 or >155 mmol/L

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2
Q

Common methodology for measuring Na+

A

Glass ISE

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3
Q

Sources of error for Na+

A

Electrolyte exclusion effect

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4
Q

Causes for increased Na+

A

Primary aldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome)

Cushing’s Syndrome (hyperadrenalism)

Secondary aldosteronism

Diabetes Insipidus

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5
Q

Causes for decreased Na+

A

Increased osmolality:
hyperglycemic state, uremia, mannitol and is due to shift in water or sodium between ECF and ICF

Decreased osmolality:
liver, kidney, or heart disease, SIADH, Addison’s disease, diuretics, external fluid loss

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6
Q

K+ reference range

A

3.5 - 5 mmol/L
Crit = < 2.6 or >6.2

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7
Q

Common methodology for measuring K+

A

Liquid polymer
(valinomycin is an ionophore)

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8
Q

Sources of error for K+

A

Hemolysis

Prolonged venous occlusion

fist clenching/forearm exercise prior to venipuncture

leukocytosis

thrombocytosis

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9
Q

Causes for increased K+

A

acidosis, IVH, rhabdomyolysis, burns, tissue hypoxia

Addison’s disease, hypoaldosteronism, treatment with ACE inhibitors

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10
Q

Causes for decreased K+

A

insulin therapy

renal tubular acidosis or necrosis

decreased intake/excessive loss

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11
Q

Cl- reference range

A

96 - 109 mmol/L

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12
Q

Common methodology for measuring Cl-

A

Liquid polymer ISE
(ion exchange is lipophilic quaternary ammonium salts)

Solid state ISE

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13
Q

Sources of error for Cl-

A

competing halides
organic salts such as thiocyanate or lactate

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14
Q

Causes of increased Cl-

A

Similar to those of hypernatremia

may be seen in respiratory alkalosis where HCO3- is excreted in the kidney with Na+ instead of Cl-

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15
Q

Causes of decreased Cl-

A

similar to those of hyponatremia

Furosemide antidiuretic inhibits Cl- reabsorption in the kidney

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16
Q

HCO3- (total CO2) reference range

A

23 -31 mmol/L

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17
Q

Common methodology for HCO3-

A

Spectrophotometric

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18
Q

Sources of error for HCO3-

A

exposure to atmospheric air decreases [CO2] in specimen

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19
Q

Causes for increased HCO3-

A

metabolic alkalosis

hypochloremic alkalosis (prolonged diarrhea, vomiting)

Excess mineralocorticoids or corticoids

Excess administration or ingestion of HCO3- (IV therapy, massive transfusion)

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20
Q

Causes for decreased HCO3-

A

metabolic acidosis

Increased endogenous acids

Increased exogenous acids

inability to excrete HCO3- (renal failure)

loss of HCO3- (diarrhea, pancreatitis)

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21
Q

CO2 reference range

A

35 - 45 mmHg

22
Q

Common methodology to measure CO2

A

Gas permeable ISE

23
Q

Sources of error for CO2

A

Exposure to atmospheric air decreases [CO2]

24
Q

Causes for increased CO2

A

Respiratory acidosis (hypoventilation)

Mechanical obstruction of airways

factors that depress the respiratory system

25
Q

Causes for decreased CO2

A

Respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation)

Factors that have stimulatory effect on respiratory system

Factors that affect the pulmonary mechanism and lead to tissue hypoxia

26
Q

Calcium reference range

A

2.10 - 2.60 mmol/L
Crit = <1.65 or >3.25 mmol/L

27
Q

Common methodology for Calcium (total)

A

spectrophotometric

28
Q

Sources of error for calcium (total)

A

Anticoagulants that bind divalent ions

Hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, magnesium ions, gadolinium compounds, paraproteins

29
Q

Causes for increased calcium

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid adenoma)

Malignancy/tumors

renal failure

endocrine disorders (hyper/hypothyroidism, acromegaly)

30
Q

Causes for decreased calcium

A

hypocalcemia

hypoalbuminemia (pseudohypocalcemia)

Liver, heart, renal disease

proteinuria causing hypoalbuminemia

hyperphosphatemia

hypoparathyroidism

removal/destruction of parathyroid gland

31
Q

Common methodology for calcium (ionized)

A

Liquid Polymer ISE
(neutral carrier ETH 1001)

32
Q

Sources of error for calcium (ionized)

A

anticoagulants other than dry heparin

collection and transportation temp

fist pumping

ethanol, proteins, phosphate, lactate

33
Q

Phosphorus reference range

A

0.80 - 1.45 mmol/L
Crit = < 0.40 mmol/L

34
Q

Common methodology for phosphorus

A

spectrophotometric

35
Q

Sources of error for phosphorus

A

delay in separation of serum/plasma from cells

Hemolysis, icterus, lipemia

EDTA, citrate, and oxalate

monoclonal free light chains

36
Q

Causes for increased phosphorus

A

hypoparathyroidism

pseudohypoparathyroidism

acromegaly

37
Q

Causes for decreased phosphorus

A

respiratory alkalosis, glucose administration, insulin renal wasting

hyperparathyroidism, Fanconi’s Syndrome, inherited rickets, osteomalacia

38
Q

Magnesium reference range

A

0.70 - 1.00 mmol/L
Crit = < 0.40 or > 1.90 mmol/L

39
Q

Common methodology for magnesium

A

spectrophotometric

40
Q

sources of error for magnesium

A

Hemolysis, icterus, lipemia

EDTA, potassium oxalate, sodium citrate

41
Q

Causes for increased magnesium

A

hospital patients with renal failure, and is the result of excessive administration of antacids, enemas, and fluids containing magnesium

42
Q

Causes for decreased magnesium

A

observed in hospital patients, caused by diarrhea, bowel surgery, vomiting

diabetes mellitus, diuretics, antibiotics, alcoholism

43
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Increased cortisol (may suppress ADH)

Increased plasma Na+
Decreased K+

44
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

hypersecretion of aldosterone

Increased plasma Na+
Decreased K+

45
Q

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

decreased blood flow to kidney

Increased plasma Na+
Decreased K+

46
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

decreasing cortisol and aldosterone, increasing ATCH

Decreased plasma Na+
Increase K+

47
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

A

overproduction of ADH

Decreased plasma Na+, osmolality
Increased urine osmolality

48
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

breakdown of skeletal muscle after trauma

myoglobinuria

hyperkalemia (increased K+)

49
Q

Fanconi’s Syndrome

A

renal tubular defects

hypophosphatemia (decreased phosphate)

50
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia

A

metabolic bone disorders

hypophosphatemia (decreased phosphate)

MLSCI 360 (4 decks)

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