electricity Flashcards
what is charge?
the property of a molecule/ substance that causes it to experience a force when near another charged particle.
can be positive or negative
due to imbalance of electrons and protons.
in electricity it is measured in coloumbs.
define a coloumb
SI derived unit for charge
the amount of charge that passes a point when 1 current flows for 1 second.
6.24 x 10^18 electrons
what is current
the amount of charge passing a point over time.
measured in amperes - SI base unit
where 1 amp = 1 coloumb/ second
can be direct or alternating
what is electrical voltage?
the energy required to move one coloumb of charge between 2 points. also known as potential difference.
1 volt = electromotive force that can give 1 joule of work for each coloumb of charge passing a point
VOLT = joules / coloumb
(W=AV - can convert coloumb to amps x s)
draw a graph for AC and DC current
DC - always in same direction. doesnt have to be of constant magnitude e.g. can get a wave within positive volts but not below 0
AC - oscilates back and forth in both directions.
what is the frequency and voltage of UK mains?
50Hz
240 V - root mean square
(+340V to -340V)
define resistance…
the opposition to flow in a circuit
usually a property of direct current
measured in ohms
where 1 ohm is the resistance when 1 amp flows when 1 volt is applied
what is reactance?
reactance is the opposition of AC current - it is a sum of inductive and capacitive reactance
also measured in ohms and is dependant on frequency of AC current
what is impedence
the total of reactance and resistance in AC cirucuit
measured in ohms.
how does capacitance and inductance alter with frequency?
increased inductance with increased frequency
reduced capacitance with increased frequency
what are resistors made of?
thin wire often coiled to make them more compact
the thinner and longer the wire, the more resistance.
what is the difference between a conductor, semi conductor and a insulator?
conductor - allows flow of electrons and hence conducts electricity. measured in siemen
insulator - do not allow flow of electrons.
semi-conductor - low conductance e.g. metal oxide
what is power?
power is measured in watts
it is the amount of joules used per second
i.e. rate of energy usage
W = J/s
what is a transducer?
device that converts one form of energy into another e.g. microphone - sound to electric
draw a circuit in series and in parallel
in series - resistance is addititive and current is the same the whole way round
in parallel - current is additive and resistance is a sum of recipricols
resistance in series = voltage divider
in parallel = current divider
explain what 240V main current means?
this is the root mean squared
and gives an equivalent of the DC current that AC current is producing
actually +340V to -340V = average of this would be 0
instead
take square of voltage and then the mean and then square root it.
what are the advantages of AC current?
- easier to generate and therefore cheaper
- easier to switch off compared to DC
- easier to transform - i.e. change current and volts i.e. easier to convert AC to DC but not back
what is magnetism
a physical property associated with motion of charge within a substance.
results in attractive and repulsive forces between objects
what is a magnetic field
the region around a magnetic object that can produce force that acts on other magnets.
what is a ferromagnetic material?
a material exhibiting a strong magnetism due to allignment of its magnetic moments with a magnetic field. e.g. iron, nickle
may produce permanet or temporary magnets
where does magnetism originate from within a material?
all materials have electrons that spin. this creates a magnet. however these spins can cancel one another.
in ferromagnetic materials these spins allign with magnetic field.
initial magnetism relies on external magnetic field for this allignment.
the material may remain magnetised forever or it could be temporary
what is an electromagnet?
when charge flows through a conductive wire a magnetic field is created around this.
how does earth have a magnetic field?
molton core with current flowing
how is strength of a magnetic field defined?
magnetic flux = Φ = weber
amount of magnetic field passing through a given surface
define weber
the magnetic flux that would generate a potential difference of 1 volts in a coil of 1 turn if it were allowed to decay over 1 second
Wb = V.s
what is magnetic flux density?
the amount of weber (magnetic flux) per m2
e..g. Tesla = Wb/ m2 = SI unit
what is earths magnetic field?
0.5G
draw a magnet and magnetic field around it
the denser the lines, the higher the magnetic flux.
how is the strength of an electromagnet altered?
number of coils i.e. 2 coils, doubles it
wrapping around an iron core - this is because iron has high magnetic permeability compared to air.
what are the uses of electromagnets
can be used to induce currents in other circuits e.g. transformers
magnetism of materials - with a simple switch on and off
what happens if a wire is placed in a magentic field?
induces current in that wire.
proportional to the flux densitiy
what is faradays law
V = N. (dΦ/dt)
voltage created in a wire that is placed in a magnetic field is proportional to the number of turns in the coil and the rate of change in magnetic flux.
what is the difference between a magnet and charge?
magnets are dipolar - one north, one south. can be induced.
charge - either positive or negative
what is meant by dimagnetic and paramagnetic
ferromagnetic - attracted to magnet
paramagnetic - weak attraction
diamagnetic - repulsion
what is meant by magnetic hysteresis. draw a graph
hysteresis describes the phenomena whereby a state of a material/ system and hence its response depends on its history
magnets show this
initially magnetised to B
when 0 magnetic field, will still remain magnetised C
reversing magnetic field can bring its its magnetism back down to 0 but will never reach a state where it remains unmagnetised without field e.g. 0 , 0
H = magnetic field applied
B = magnetic flux of the object
what is a capacitor?
A device that stores electrical charge
what is capacitance
the ability of a material to store electrical charge
measured in farads.
define a Farad
1 farad = ability to store 1 coloumb of charge when 1 volt applied
F = C/V
describe how a capacitor works
2 conductive plates, separated by dielectric material (insulation - air, glass, ceramic).
electrons flow on one, repelled by another, charge flows until fully saturated.
AC current - charges and discharges - favours this and the higher the frewuency.
Describe the current flow in DC circuit with a capacitor..
initially high flow of current as capacitor is charging up.
then dissipitates - exponential decay