Elbow, wrist, hand anatomy and conditions Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis more commonly known as?

A

Lateral- tennis elbow (resisted wrist extension- lateral epicondyle is the common extensor origin)

Medial- golfer’s elbow (less common- repeated strain on the common flexor origin)

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3
Q

What causes cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle

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4
Q

How does cubital tunnel syndrome present?

A

Parasthesia of the ulnar 1.5 fingers, and weakness of ulnar-innervated muscles

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5
Q

What often causes cubital tunnel syndrome?`

A

Tightness of the fascia overlying the tunnel, or tightness as the nerve passes through the septum at the two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris

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6
Q

Which muscles originate at the lateral epicondyle?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

RL RB CU

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7
Q

Which muscles originate at the medial epicondyle?

A

The flexors:

flexor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Palmaris longus

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8
Q

Why do olecranon fractures usually require ORIF?

A

Unresisted traction of the triceps muscle means they are usually widely displaced

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9
Q

Which groups of patient are particularly prone to supracondylar fractures?

A

Children

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What is a Colles fracture?

A

Extra-articular fracture of the distal radius, usually caused by FOOSH.

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12
Q

What is seen in 50% of Colle’s fractures?

A

Fracture of the ulnar styloid

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13
Q

What are the potential complications of this type of fracture?

A

Scaphoid fracture- non-union and AVN

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14
Q

What are the two groups of muscles of the hand and what broadly do they control?

A

Intrinsics- fine finger movements

Extrinsics- flexion and extension of fingers, flexion and extension of wrist

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15
Q

What are these muscles collectively, and what is their nerve supply?

A

Thenar muscles, median nerve

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16
Q

What is the main muscle which moves the little finger and what is its innervation?

A

Abductor digiti minimi

Ulnar nerve

17
Q

What is the role of the interossei muscles?

A

Dorsal- abduct the fingers at MCPJs

Palmar-adduct the fingers at MCPJs

18
Q

What nerve supplies the interossei muscles?

19
Q

How many lumbrical muscles are there?

20
Q

Where do flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus insert, respectively? What is their origin?

A

Superficialis- PIP

Profundus- DIP

Origin- the common flexor origin (medial epicondyle)

21
Q

How is bowstringing of the flexor tendons prevented?

A

Trained to metacarpals/phalanges by a system of pulleys

22
Q

What is the carpal tunnel formed by?

A

Carpal bones inferioly and the flexor retinaculum superiorly

23
Q

Which nerve, and which 9 muscles, pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

FDS and FDP of the four fingers

Flexor pollicus longus

24
Q

How do patients with carpal tunnel syndrome present?

A

Parasthesia in the thumb and 2.5 radial fingers, loss of sensation, weakness in the muscles supplied by the median nerve (e.g. thenar muscles, lateral lumbricals)

25
What is Dupuytren's contracture?
Hyperplasia of the palmar fascia causing the fingers to bend into the palm
26
What causes trigger finger?
Tendonitis of a flexor tendon causes nodule formation which gets "stuck" in flexion, commonly at the A1 pulley. May be painful
27
How is trigger finger commonly treated?
Steroid injection into the tendon sheath
28
Which artery branches to give the radial and ulnar arteries?
Brachial
29
30
What is the brachial plexus?
Network of the ventral/anterior rami of spinal nerves of C8-8, T1
31
Describe the layout of the brachial plexus.
Roots; trunks; divisons; cords; branches
32
What are the five named nerves arising from the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous Axillary Radial Median Ulnar