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MSK > Clinical anatomy for Exam > Flashcards

Clinical anatomy for Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Principle signs in adhesive capsulitis?

A

Loss of external rotation, limited active and passive movement

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2
Q

Clinical signs in impingement (2)

A

Painful arc on abduction

Painful Hawkins Kennedy test

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3
Q

Diseases associated with adhesive capsulitis (3)

A

Diabetes
Dupuytrens
Hypercholesterolaemia

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4
Q

Signs of shoulder dislocation

A

Loss of roundness/symmetry

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5
Q

Axillary nerve damage

A

Loss of sensation in “regimental badge” area

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6
Q

Common mechanism of injury in proximal humeral fracture?

A

FOOSH

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7
Q

Most common complication of humeral shaft fracture

A

Radial nerve damage (wrist drop and loss of sensation in first dorsal web space)

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8
Q

“Tennis elbow”

A

Lateral epicondylitis- repeated resisted extension

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9
Q

Cause of cubital tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle

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10
Q

Symptoms of cubital tunnel (2)

A

Paraesthesia of ulnar 1.5 fingers, weakness of abduction of little finger

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11
Q

Complications of scaphoid fractures

A

AVN and non-union

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12
Q

Colle’s fracture

A

Extra-articular fracture of the distal radius usually caused by FOOSH

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13
Q

Nerve supply to the thenar muscles

A

Median nerve

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14
Q

Role of the interossei muscles

A

Dorsal- abduct at MCPJs

Ventral- adduct at MCPJs

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15
Q

9 muscles and nerve passing through the carpal tunnel

A

Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis of four digits, flexor pollicus longus
Median nerve

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16
Q

Symptoms of carpal tunnel (2)

A

Paraesthesia in the thumb and radial 2.5 fingers

Weakness of thumb movements

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17
Q

Nerve roots of the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

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18
Q

Named nerves of the brachial plexus (5)

A 
Axillary
Radial
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar
Median
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19
Q

Blood supply to the arm

A

Axillary —> brachial

Splits to give ulnar and radial arteries

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20
Q

Complication of an “open book” fracture of the pelvis

A

Massive pelvic haemorrhage

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21
Q

Blood supply to the femoral head

A

Medial and lateral branches of the circumflex femoral artery

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22
Q

Main hip flexors

A

Ilipsoas

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23
Q

Important clinical signs in hip pathology (2)

A

Loss of internal rotation

Abductor weakness

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24
Q

Possible complication of intracapsular hip fracture

A

AVN and non-healing due to interrupted blood supply

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25
Q

Signs of DDH (3)

A

Asymmetrical skin creases
Shortened limb
Positive Barlow/Orlotani tests

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26
Q

Pavlik harness can be used up until

A

6 months

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27
Q

Idiopathic AVN of the femoral head in childhood

A

Perthe’s disease

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28
Q

Signs in Perthe’s disease (2)

A

Limp

Loss of internal rotation and abduction

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29
Q

Pain in knee/groin, usually obese boys

A

SUFE

30
Q

Treatment of SUFE

A

Urgent surgery to pin the femoral head

31
Q

Early and late management of AVN

A

Drilling, THR

32
Q

Treatment of Paget’s disease

A

High dose oral bisphosphonates

33
Q

Complications of displaced femoral shaft fractures (2)

A

Massive haemorrhage

Fat emboli

34
Q

Management of femoral shaft fractures

A

IM nail

35
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate

A

Cauda equina, which begins at L2

36
Q

Enter via the dorsal root

A

Ascending fibres

37
Q

Sensation/motor fibres to the body except the middle of the back

A

The ventral rami of spinal nerves

38
Q

Back pain characteristically worse on coughing

A

Discogenic back pain

39
Q

Sciatic nerve roots

A

L4-S3

40
Q

Neuralgic pain or tingling radiating down the back of the thigh to below the knee

A

Sciatica

41
Q

Sensation over:

a) medial leg
b) medial thigh
c) anterior, lateral and posterior thigh
d) anteromedial thigh

A

a) saphenous nerve
b) obturator nerve
c) lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
d) femoral nerve

42
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

T12-S4

43
Q

Inconsistent claudication distance, pedal pulses preserved, better when walking uphill

A

Spinal stenosis

44
Q

Cause of cauda equina

A

Disc prolapse impinging on nerves of cauda equina

45
Q

Exam and procedure for cauda equina (2)

A

PR exam; MRI

46
Q

Surgery for cauda equina

A

Urgent discectomy

47
Q

Treatment of disc prolapse

A

Analgesia, maintain mobility, drugs for neuropathic pain e.g. gabapentin, amitriptyline

48
Q

How does the position of the patella on X-ray help locate an extensor mechanism tear?

A

Low-lying patella- proximal tear

High-lying- distal tear

49
Q

Cause of patellofemoral dysfunction

A

Lateralising pull of quadriceps on the patella

50
Q

Symptoms of patellofemoral dysfunction

A

Pain going downhill, knee locking, stiffening in a flexed position

51
Q

Localised pain, feeling as though the knee is about to give way, knee locking or catching, may be unable to fully extend knee

A

Meniscal tear

52
Q

Meniscal tears suitable for surgery

A

Longitudinal in the outer third in younger patients

53
Q

Hallux valgus

A

Medial deviation of the 1st metatarsal, lateral deviation of the phalanx

54
Q

Hallux rigidus

A

OA of the 1st MTPJ

55
Q

Burning pain and tingling radiating into the affected toes; loss of sensation in the affected web space

A

Mortons neuroma

56
Q

Pes planus

A

Flat feet- failure of the medial arch

57
Q

Pes cavus

A

Abnormally high arch

58
Q

Most common mechanisms of injury in the foot

A

Inversion and/or rotation on a planted foot

59
Q

Patient with an injured ankle has medial tenderness and bruising

A

Deltoid ligament rupture

60
Q

Commonest site of metatarsal fracture

A

5th metatarsal

61
Q

5th metatarsal fracture in the area of the proximal diaphysis

A

Jones fracture

62
Q

2nd metatarsal fracture

A

Stress fracture (sudden increase in activity)

63
Q

Signs in Achille’s tendon rupture

A

Weakness of plantar flexion, palpable gap in the tendon, Simmonds test positive (lack of plantar flexion when squeezing the calf)

64
Q

Classic signs of hip fracture?

A

Shortened and externally rotated leg

65
Q

Management of a) intracapsular b) extracapsular hip fracture?

A

a) hip replacement (hemiarthroplasty if unfit)

b) dynamic hip screw

66
Q

Management of non-specific lower back pain

A

NSAID is 1st line; weak opioid if contraindicated

67
Q

Classification of growth plate fractures?

A 
Salter Harris:
I- physis only
II- physis and metaphysis
III- physis and epiphysis
IV- physis, epiphysis, metaphysis
V- crush injury involving the physis
68
Q

Incomplete cortical disruption causing periosteal haemotoma only

A

Buckle fracture

69
Q

Unilateral cortical fracture

A

Greenstick fracture

70
Q

Radial styloid pain + painful thumb abduction

A

De Quervain’s tenosynovitis

MSK (16 decks)

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