Elbow and Forearm Complex Flashcards
Ligaments of radioulnar joint?
Radial collateral, ulnar collateral, annular, quadrate, oblique cord,interossious membrane, anterior and posterior radio-ulnar ligament
Where is the annular ligament and what does it do?
encircles head of radius and holds it against radial notch
Where is the quadrate ligament and what does it do?
reinforces inferior aspect of capsule and keeps radial head in radial notch
Where is the oblique cord and what does it do?
diagonal between radius and ulna and prevents them from separating
Where is the interosseous membrane and what does in do?
membrane between radius and ulna to keep bones near each other with movement.
Where are the anterior and posterior radioulnar ligaments and what do they do?
At the wrist between radius and ulna, keeps them together.
What do the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments do?
They are on their respective sides of wrist to check movement in that direction (radial collateral checks medial movement, ulnar checks lateral movement)
Flexors of elbow
biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Extensors of elbow
triceps, anconeus
Supinators
biceps, supinator, brachioradialis
Pronators
pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis
Where is the brachialis?
Whole lower half of humeral shaft to insert on ulna
Where is the brachioradialis?
Distal portion of humerus extending along radius to insert at base of styloid process of radius.
It is a supinator and a pronator due to its location, it effectively pulls the forearm back to neutral.
Where is the pronator teres?
Runs from ulnar (medial) side of humerus across to radial (lateral) side of forearm
Where is the pronator quadratus?
essentially, anterior aspect of wrist. Pulls ulnar to radial side.
Where is the anconeus?
Essentially, the back of the elbow from humerus to ulna. This kick-starts extension.
Where is the supinator?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus to lateral surface of radius.
In pronation, supinator stretches to wrap around radius so upon contraction it unwinds as the radius rolls into supination. This acts on the radio-ulnar joint only!!!
What is a compression injury?
Result of falling on the hand with the elbow in a close-packed position. Fractures can occur.
What is a distractive injury?
Result of a forceful pull. Nursemaid’s elbow is forceful pull on the radius resulting in radial head being pulled out of annular ligament.
What is avascular necrosis?
Death of connective tissue as a result of poor blood supply.
Can occur from improper casting of fractures.
What is epicondylitis of the lateral epiocondyle?
Tennis elbow. (epicondylitis = inflammation of tendons surrounding an epicondyle) Excessive or repeated forceful contractions of wrist extensors
What is epicondylitis of the medial epicondyle?
Golfer’s elbow. Repeated forceful contraction of wrist flexors.
What is cubital tunnel syndrome?
Compression of ulnar nerve as is passes through the cubital tunnel (between olecranon process and humeral medial epicondyle). Results in impaired movement of 3rd and 4th fingers.