EKISTICS: THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Flashcards
*Greek Architect and Town planner
*Known as the lead architect of Islamabad
*Father of Ekistics
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis
science of human settlement and outlined its scope, aims, intellectual framework and relevance.
Ekistics
Urban Renewal and the Future of the American City, Chicago
1966
Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements
1968
works of Constantinus Apostolou Doxiadis
Teacher-Student Center, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Master Plan of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan
coined by Greek architect and urban planner Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.
Applies to the science of human settlements
The principles man takes into account when building his settlements
The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects human dimensions.
Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the same settlement.
Ekistics
aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to learn from the archaeological and historical record by looking not only at great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern.
Ekistics
BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
▫ Homogeneous parts-fields;
▫ Central parts-built-up villages;
▫ Circulatory parts-roads & paths within the fields; and
▫ Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within the homogeneous part.
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
BASED ON
- SIZES
- LOCATION OF SETTLEMENTS
- PHYSCIAL FORMS
- FIVE ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
- FUNCTIONS
-TIME DIMENSION
-DEGREE OF SOCIETY
- BASED ON INSTITUTION
▫ Small and sparsely spaced (rural settlements or villages specializing in agriculture)
▫ Large and closely spaces (urban settlements specializing in secondary and tertiary activities)
BASED ON SIZES
plains, mountains, coastal, etc.
Based on Location of Settlements
form as the expression of content, function, and structure
Based on Physical Forms
which are important to an understanding of the meaning and role of settlements:
▫ Reveal nature, specialization, & raison d’etre of settlements
▫ Based on activity (economic, social), their performance, or special role (as dormitories, retirement villages, etc.)
Based on Functions
age of settlements, their place in continuum (past, present, future), their relative static of dynamic character, the whole process of their growth
TIME DIMENSION
*Physical and Social Units
- Man (as individual)- smallest unit
▫Space- second unit either personally owned or shared with others
▫Family Home- third unit
*Social Unit
-GROUP OF HOMES
BY EKISTICS UNITS
*Unit range from Man to Ecumenopolis which turn into four basic groups
- ANTHROPOROS
- ROOM
- HOUSE
- HAMPLET
- VILLAGE
- NEIGHBORHOOD
- SMALL POLIS
- POLIS (CITY)
- SMALL METROPOLIS
- METROPOLIS
- SMALL MEGALOPOLIS
- MEGALOPOLIS -
- SMALL EPEROPOLIS
- EPEROPOLIS - 7.5K MIL
- ECUMENOPOLIS - 50K MIL
EKISTIC UNITS:
15 LEVELS
*Also called EKISTICS LOGARITHMIC SCALE (ELS)
THE ENTIRE AREAOF EARTH TAKEN UP BY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
ECUMENOPOLIS
A GROUP OF CONURBATIONS, CONSISTING OF MORE THAN 10 MILLION PEOPLE EACH
MEGALOPOLIS
A GROUP OF LARGE CITIES & THEIR SUBURBS
ALSO CALLED URBAN AGGLOMERATION
CONURBATION
A LARGE CITY & ITS SUBURBS CONSISTING OF MULTIPLE CITIES AND TOWNS HAVING 1 TO 3 MILLION PEOPLE
METROPOLIS
SETTLEMENT TYPES
ISOLATED DWELLING (HOUSE)
HAMLET
VILLAGE
SMALL TOWN
LARGE TOWN
CITY
CONURBATION
a super city consisting of multiple cities and towns. The population is usually several million.
large population center
consisting of a large metropolis and its adjacent
zone of influence
Conurbation/metropolitan area
a city with a large population and many services. The population is >1 million people.
Large City
would have abundant services, but not as many as a large city. The population of a city is over 100,000
people.
an urban area with a large population
and a particular administrative, legal, or
historical status
City
has a population of 20,000 to100,000
Large town
has a population of 1,000 to 20,000
type of settlement ranging from a
few to several thousand (occasionally
hundreds of thousands) inhabitants. Usually,
thought of as larger than a village but
smaller than a “city”,
Town
generally does not have many services, possibly only a
small corner shop or post office. A village has a population of 100 to 1,000.
clustered human settlement or
community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller
than a town or city. Though generally
located in rural areas.
Village
has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any)
services, and few buildings.
a rural community —a small
settlement
Hamlet
would only have 1 or 2 buildings
or families in it. It would have negligible services, if any
Isolated dwelling
urban area or agglomeration
comprising a number of cities, large towns and
larger urban areas that, through population
growth and physical expansion, have merged to
form one continuous urban and industrially
developed area.
CONURBATION
NATURE
NETWORKS
ANTROPOS
SHELLS
SOCIETY
EKISTICS ELEMENTS
in a certain area, man will select the location which permits a maximum of potential contact
MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS
a minimum of effort, terms of energy, time and cost Man selects the most convenient routes
MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS
Basic Principles of Ekistics
- MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS
- MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS
- OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S PROTECTIVE SPACE
- OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS
ENVIORMENT - OPTIMIZATION OF FOUR PREVIOUS PRENCIPLES
Macro scale- nomadic, agricultural, urban,
urban industrial;
▫ Micro scale- specific area at a limited period of
time
BY EVOLUTIONARY PHASES
nomadic, agricultural, urban,
urban industrial;
Macro scale
specific area at a limited period of
time
Micro scale
the new Capital of Pakistan, planned by Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Doxiadis Associates in the late 1950s, is now a fast-growing city of about 1.5 million inhabitants, forming, together with the adjacent old city of Rawalpindi and a National Park, a Metropolitan Area (Greater Islamabad/Rawalpindi Area) of about 4.5 million inhabitants.
Capital of pakistan and
10th largest city in world
✓ Located on pothohar
plateau
✓ Built during 1960 to
replace karachi
✓ Most developed city
and divided into sectors and zones
ISLAMABAD
The backbone of the
Islamabad Metropolitan
Area Master Plan is
formed by two
highways,
Islamabad Highway and Murree Highway
remain the regional center serving industrial
and commercial functions.
Rawalpindi
will be the capital of the nation and
will serve mainly administrative and cultural
functions.
Dynametropolis
Islamabad
Founded in 1594, it was created by Spanish Governor Luis Pérez Dasmariñas as a permanent settlement for converted Chinese immigrants (called sangleys) across the river from the walled city of Intramuros where the Spaniards resided.
BINONDO
It was built to protect the seat of the Spanish government from hostile native revolts, and raiding Chinese sea pirates. The plans for Intramuros were based on King Philip II of Spain’s Royal Ordinance issued on July 3, 1573 in San Lorenzo, Spain. Its design was based upon a star fort or trace italienne and covered 64 hectares of land, surrounded by 8 feet thick stones and high walls that rise 22 feet.
-planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno
INTRAMUROS
Following
Magellan, Spanish explorers led by Miguel
López de Legazpi sailing
from Mexico arrived in 1565 and established
a colony in the island of Cebu. The
Spaniards established settlements, trade
flourished and renamed the island to “Villa
del Santíssimo Nombre de Jesús” (Town of
the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Cebu
became the first European settlement
established by the Spanish Cortés in the
Philippines.
CEBU
region around Baguio was first settled primarily by
Kankana-eys and the Ibalois
The
famous American architect Daniel Burnham, one of the
earliest successful modern city planners, laid a
meticulous plan for the city in 1904.
Baguio
refers to the actual piece of ground on which the
settlement is built.
exact location.
Site
Site Factors:
was needed for drinking, cooking and cleaning.
Water could be taken from a river or a well
WATER SUPPLY
Site Factors:
the area needed to be high enough to
be safe from flooding, but low enough to be sheltered from strong winds.
RELIEF
literally means the ‘high city,’ is the origin of the Athens
city that we know of today. Standing high above the hill in the centre
of Athens, it is visible from almost anywhere.
ACROPOLIS
Site Factors:
a hilltop, or the inside of a river meander, would
provide protection from attackers.
DEFENCE
Site Factors:
a site at a crossroads, on a river or at
the coast gave easier access to other settlements.
TRANSPORT
Site Factors:
deep fertile soil made it easier to farm crops and rear
animals.
Soil
Site Factors:
a source of timber or rock was needed for
building. Wood was needed as a fuel for heat and cooking.
RESOURCES
refers to the location of
the village or town in relation to surrounding
areas.
If a settlement had good access to natural
resources, and to other settlements, it would
grow in size. Many settlements
SITUATION OR POSITION
It is the largest city in Europe and
has a population of 10 million people.
It was sited on a small island in the River Seine. The
site was good for defence, but was also a crossing point across the river. The fertile soil of the River Seine’s floodplain was also excellent for farming. Under Roman rule, Paris grew and became the centre of a network of roads stretching across Europe.
PARIS
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
DISPERSED
LINEAR
NUCLEATED
PLANNED
are usually farms. They are
spread out because of the space taken up by fields.
Other dispersed settlements are found in mountainous
areas
DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS
sometimes follow the shape of the
land. It is easier to build on the floor of a valley than
on the steep sides. IT also follow
features such as roads, railway lines or rivers.
LINEAR SETTLEMENTS
where buildings are clustered
round a central point. The centre of the settlement may
be a crossroads, a church, a water supply, or a market
place. Nucleated settlements also occur on hill tops.
NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT (CLUSTERED)
a regular
pattern. They may have a square shape, or a
crescent shape for example. Brasilia, the
capital of Brazil, is a planned settlement in the
shape of an aeroplane
PLANNED SETTLEMENTS
is the way its streets
and buildings are distributed.
City layout
The urban growth has not been planned
Irregular layout
grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in
which streets run at right angles (NEW YORK)
GRID PLAN
The streets radiate out from a central point.
Radiocentric layout
The functions of a settlement are the things that
happen there.
The function of most early settlements was farming. As
settlements grew, the functions increased to include
things such as markets and inns. Today settlements
have many functions, which continue to change over
time.
SETTLEMENT FUNCTION
the main function of many settlements today is to give
people places to live. People may live in one settlement and work in another.
RESIDENTIAL
local authority offices run the local services, such as
road maintenance and waste disposal.
ADMINISTRATIVE
goods are manufactured in factories. Today many factories are
located in business parks on the outskirts
INDUSTRIAL
shopping centres and recreation facilities, such as sports
centres and cinemas, provide services
COMMERCIAL
settlements contain public services, such as schools,
hospitals and libraries
SERVICES
some settlements are attractive to tourist. Many coastal
settlements in Spain have change from fishing village into large tourist resorts
TOURISM
