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Clinical Methods > EKG > Flashcards

EKG Flashcards

1
Q

the contractile machinery of the heart

A

myocardial cells

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2
Q

Types of heart cells: (3)

A
  • pacemaker cells
  • electrical conducting cells
  • myocardial cells
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3
Q

Pacemaker cells depolarize spontaneously. True or false?

A

true

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4
Q

Myocytes are depolarized at rest. True or false?

A

false, they are polarized

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5
Q

The rate of depolarization of the pacemaker cells is determined by: (2)

A

innate electrical characteristic

external neural & hormonal input

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6
Q

Each depolarization serves as a source of a wave of depolarization that initiates one complete cycle of cardiac contraction and relaxation. True or false?

A

true

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7
Q

A record of one electrical cycle of depolarization and repolarization of a single cell is:

A

action potential

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8
Q

When there is depolarization, the heart _____.

A

contracts

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9
Q

The dominant pacemaker of the heart is the ____ ____.

Rate is:

A

sinus node

60-100 bpm

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10
Q

The rate of the sinus node can be altered by the autonomic nervous system, like the vagus response. True or false?

A

true

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11
Q

All heart cells possess this ability to behave as a pacemaker. This is suppressed unless SA node fails.

A

automaticity

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12
Q

AV node fires at ____ - _____ BPM

A

40–60

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13
Q

Bundle of His fires at ___ - ____ BPM

A

30-40

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14
Q

Purkinje fibers fire at a rate of ___ - ___ BPM

A

20-30

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15
Q

The ventricular conducting system has been precisely defined. True or false?

A

true

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16
Q

The atrial conducting system has been precisely defined. True or false?

A

false, still debated

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17
Q

The amplitude of a wave is measured in:

A

millivolts

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18
Q

Each small box is 1mm and equals ____ sec

A

0.04

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19
Q

Each large square is ___ mm and equal to ___ sec

A

5

0.2 sec

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20
Q

Vertical axis on ECG is ______.

Small square = ______

Large square = _____.

A

voltage

  1. 1 mV
  2. 5 mV
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21
Q

recording of depolarization through the atrial myocardium

A

P wave

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22
Q

The AV node delays conduction from the atria to the ventricles to allow the atria to finish contracting before the ventricles begin to contract. True or false?

A

true

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23
Q

___ wave represents the wave of ventricular repolarization

A

t wave

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24
Q

The wave of atrial repolarization is obscured by the QRS complex. True or false?

A

true

25
Q

Measures time from start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization

A

PR interval

26
Q

Measures from the end of ventricular depolarization to the start of ventricular repolarization

A

ST segment

27
Q

Measures time from beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization.

A

QT interval

28
Q

A wave of depolarization towards a positive electrode - ____ deflection

A

positive

29
Q

A wave of depolarization away from a positive electrode = _____ deflection

A

negative

30
Q

A depolarizing wave moving perpendicular to a positive electrode = _____ wave

A

biphasic

31
Q

A wave of repolarization moving toward a positive electrode gives a _______ deflection.

A

negative

32
Q

A wave of repolarization moving away from a positve electrode gives a ______ deflection.

A

positive

33
Q

Lead I is with left arm (___) and right arm (____)

A

+

-

34
Q

Lead II is with the legs (____) and the right arm (___)

A

+

-

35
Q

Lead III is with the _____ (+) and the ____ (-).

A

legs

left arm

36
Q

Three augmented leads are: (3)

____ is with the left arm (+) and other limbs (-)

______ is with right arm (+) and other limbs (-)

_____ is with legs (+) and arms (-)

A

AVL

AVR

AVF

37
Q

Which lead is placed midclavicular?

A

V4

38
Q

Which lead is in the 5th intercostal space on the anterior axillary line?

A

V5

39
Q

What lead is 5th intercostal, midaxillary line?

A

V6

40
Q

Which lead is in the 4th intercostal space on the right side of the sternum?

A

V1

41
Q

Which lead is on the 4th intercostal space on the left side of the sternum?

A

V2

42
Q

Region of the heart affected by Leads II, III, AVF:

A

inferior

43
Q

Region of the heart affected by V1, V2, V3, V4:

A

anterior

44
Q

Region of the heart affected by AVR:

A

none

45
Q

Region of the heart affected by I, AVL, V5, V6:

A

left lateral

46
Q

If viewing in the frontal plane, Lead I and AVL toward current will give ____ wave

A

positive

47
Q

If looking in frontal plane at lead III, perpendicular to the current = _____ p wave

A

biphasic

48
Q

If looking in the frontal plane at lead AVR: away from the current = _____ p wave

A

negative

49
Q

P wave amplitude is most positive in lead ___ and most negative in ____

A

II

AVR

50
Q

The PR interval lasts ___ - ____ sec

A

0.12 - 0.2 sec

PR interval represents the time from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of ventricular depolarization

51
Q

What represents depolarization of the interventricular septum?

It is a tiny negative deflection in the left lateral leads I, AVL, V5, and V6

A

septal Q waves

52
Q

If you have pronounced Q waves, can indicate ______ _____

A

myocardial infarction

53
Q

Which lead has the smallest R wave?

A

V1

54
Q

Which lead has the largest R wave?

A

V5

55
Q

QRS lasts ___ to ___ sec

A

0.06 - 0.1 sec

56
Q

Represents the time from the end of ventricular depolarization to the start of ventricular repolarization.

Elevation or depression by > _____ is significant and indicates a problem

A

ST segment

1 mm

57
Q

Represents ventricular repolarization

A

t wave

58
Q

cardiac cells are

A

myocytes

Clinical Methods (9 decks)

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