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EES 150 > EES 150 exam 3 > Flashcards

EES 150 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What has to be true for the cause of volcanoes due to Ocean-continent subduction zones?

A

.It has to be a continent

.Near a subduction zone

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2
Q

What has to be true for the cause of volcanoes due to Ocean-ocean subduction zones?

A

.It’s in the ocean

.Near a subduction zone

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3
Q

How did many people die by the Vesuvius volcano in Pompeii?

A

.Poisonous gas

.Buried by flows of hot ash

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4
Q

Is the Vesuvius volcano an volcanic islands or arc?

A

Volcanic arc

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5
Q

What 2 groups of people are most likely to get killed by volcanic activity?

A

.Volcanologist

,Photographers

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6
Q

What’s magma?

A

Melted rock material below the surface

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7
Q

What’s lava?

A

Melted rock that erupts at the surface

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8
Q

How is volcanic activity linked to tectonics?

A

.Magma chemical composition
.Ability to flow
.Gas content
.Volume

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9
Q

What factors are determined in whether a volcano is peaceful or explosive?

A

.Magma chemical composition
.Ability to flow
.Gas content
.Volume

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10
Q

What’s a volcano?

A

A place where lava flowed onto the surface whether it’s visible or not

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11
Q

What’s an active volcano?

A

A volcano that has erupted in historic times (or at least within the last 10,000 years)

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12
Q

What’s a dormant volcano?

A

A volcano that has not erupted recently but geologically is likely to do so again

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13
Q

What’s an extinct volcano?

A

A volcano that is geologically unlikely to erupt again

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14
Q

What form of rocks are volcanic rocks?

A

Igneous

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15
Q

Do volcanic rock have homogenous or heterogeneous appearance?

A

homogenous

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16
Q

Viscosity

A

Internal resistance to flow

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17
Q

Volatile

A

Abundance controls explosiveness (gasses escaping)

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18
Q

Volume

A

Influences severity eruption (small or large)

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19
Q

Nonexplosive eruptions

A

Icelandic & Hawaiian

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20
Q

Somewhat explosive

A

Strombolian

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21
Q

Explosive

A

Vulcanian & Plinian

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22
Q

Volcanic Explosivity Index

A

A way to evaluate eruptions of a scale of 1-8, according to 3 variables

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23
Q

Large VEIs have what

A

High volumes of ejecta

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24
Q

Flood basalts

A

Low viscosity, low volatiles, & very large volume.

Largest volcanic event and possibly the initial stages of a mantle plume

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25
Q

Causes of eruptions

A

Melting rock expanding in volume because of decrease in pressure
Gas escaping when magma rises

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26
Q

Global effects of flood basalts

A

CO2 & SO2 released into air

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27
Q

Why does flood basalts produce so much climate-changing gases

A

A lot of lava= a lot of gas

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28
Q

Icelandic-type eruption

A

Low water content & low viscosity (basalt). Very peaceful eruption from fissures and produces a “curtain of fire effect”

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29
Q

Example of Icelandic-type eruption

A

Krafla (1970s)

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30
Q

Hawaiian type eruption

A

Low water content & low viscosity (basalt). Higher lava fountain, low cones, and may last for years as lava flows slowly. Property may be destroyed

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31
Q

Main island of Hawaii includes what 5 volcanoes

A

Loa, Mauna, Hualalai, Mauna Kea, & Kilauea

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32
Q

Shield volcanoes

A

Low viscosity, low volatile, & large volume basaltic lava flows
Thin layers, very broad, great width compared to height

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33
Q

Phreatic eruption

A

Interaction of hot volcanic rocks and water (rare Hawaiian eruption)

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34
Q

Strombolian-type eruption

A

Short-lived explosion outbursts of pasty lava ejected 10s-100s m into air

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35
Q

Scoria Cones

A

Medium viscosity, medium volatility, & small volume
From through strombolian eruptions
(basaltic and andesitic lava)

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36
Q

Scoria cones are composed of what

A

Tephra (volcanic debris)

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37
Q

Where does the name Strombolian eruption come from

A

Stromboli volcano in Italy

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38
Q

Vulcanian-type eruption

A

Alternates between highly viscous lava flows and pyroclastic eruptions

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39
Q

Plinian-type eruption

A

Produce gas-powered vertical columns of pyroclastic debris up to 50 km into atmosphere

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40
Q

Starto-

A

Layered

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41
Q

Stratovolcanoes

A

Result of high viscosity, high volatiles, large volume from vulcanian to plinian eruption, gas-rich andesitic to rhyolitic magma

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42
Q

Stratovolcanoes are found where?

A

At subduction zones where magma is generated

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43
Q

Volcano weather

A

Steam cools, condenses, and falls as rain

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44
Q

lahars

A

Rain mixing with ash on volcano’s slopes

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45
Q

Volcano weather can produce…

A

lightning

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46
Q

Volcanic ash from plinian eruptions is hazardous to…

A

airplanes

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47
Q

lava domes

A

high viscosity, low volatiles and small volume eruptions that happen after Vulcanian/Plinian eruption

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48
Q

lava domes and low volatiles

A

Gases escape during the larger eruption and the low-gases left cools in place forming a plug

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49
Q

Why has a lava dome formed inside the crater of Mt. St. Helens?

A

Because the gas is gone

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50
Q

A typical stratovolcano eruption sequence

A

Vulcanian precursor -> Plinian main event -> lava dome conclusion

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51
Q

Vulcanian precursor

A

Gas- rich material shoot out first

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52
Q

Plinian main event

A

Gas depletes

53
Q

Lava dome conclusion

A

High-viscosity magma build lava dome

54
Q

Calderas

A

Result from high viscosity, high volatile, and very large volume

55
Q

Where are calderas?

A

The summit of volcanoes and collapse of a stratovolcano

56
Q

Giant continental calderas are associated with what?

A

Mantle plumes

57
Q

Resurgent Caldera form where?

A

Where calderas have preciously formed

58
Q

Where do magma erupt at mantle plumes?

A

Material comes from the Earth’s melted center

59
Q

Columbia river plateau basalt

A

River has eroded down through them in many places

60
Q

Cycle of mantle plumes

A

Early on mantle plumes spread out and is very hot; later it cools down and affects a smaller area

61
Q

Oceanic plateau

A

A massive flood basalt from a mantle plume beneath an oceanic plate

62
Q

Eruption styles and frequencies between California and Hawaii

A

California- continental crust

Hawaii- Oceanic crust

63
Q

Most active volcano in Hawaii

A

Kilauea

64
Q

Iceland is on what?

A

Mid-ocean ridge (above sea level) & mantle plume

65
Q

Shallow earthquakes are associated with what?

A

Movement of magma

66
Q

Volcanic eruption in 1973, Island of heimaey & it’s harbor

A

Lava flow blocked harbor, part of town buried, & 5.5 billions tons of sweater used to cool and redirect lava flow

67
Q

What’s responsible for opening up the North Atlantic?

A

Iceland mantle plume

68
Q

Plutonic igneous rocks

A

Cool slowly below the surface

69
Q

Volcanic igneous rocks

A

Cool quickly at/ near the surface

70
Q

What elements are abundant in the composition of magma?

A

Iron- Oxygen-> Silicon-> Magnesium-> other

71
Q

Why do igneous rocks and magmas have different compositions?

A

.Magma mixing
.Melting of surrounding rock & incorporation into magma body
.Partial melting
.Fractional crystallization

72
Q

Partial melting

A

Where low temperature minerals melt first

73
Q

Where do volcanoes form?

A

.At subduction zones(10%)
.Mantle plumes(10%)
.Mid-Ocean ridges(80%)

74
Q

How does magma from mid-ocean ridges form?

A

Partial melting due to the mantle due to lower pressure

75
Q

How does magma from mantle plumes form?

A

Partial melting due to the mantle eventually causing a mid-ocean ridge to form or overriding plate

76
Q

Where are volcanoes usually not found?

A

.continent-continent convergent plate boundaries

.Transform plate boundaries

77
Q

Pyro-

A

fire

78
Q

-clastic

A

broken up

79
Q

What’s one control on viscosity?

A

temperature

80
Q

What makes an eruption more explosive?

A

Dissolved gases (including water)

81
Q

3 types of magma/lava

A

Rhyolitic, Andesitic, & Basaltic

82
Q

Basaltic lava

A

Highest temperature, lower SiO2, low viscosity, low gas, erupt peacefully, frequent, flows long distances, low pressure, & lower minerals melting points

83
Q

Where does basalt form?

A

Mid-ocean ridges

84
Q

Andesitic/ Rhyolitic

A

Lower temperatures, higher SiO2, more viscous, dangerous eruptions, high gas, lava flows slowly and not far, presence of water, & partially melting oceanic crust

85
Q

What produces andesitic lava?

A

Partially melted basaltic oceanic crust at subduction zones

86
Q

Rhyolitic magma

A

Highest gas and erupts explosively

87
Q

Calcium/Sodium rich minerals depend on what?

A

temperature

88
Q

Which lava has the most complex arrangement of bonded silica tetrahedral?

A

Andesitic/Rhyolitic

89
Q

Example of Basaltic eruptions

A

Mauna Lao, Hawaii

90
Q

Features of Basaltic eruptions

A

Pahoehoe, A’a, Lava tubes, Columnar jointing, System of Polygonal Cracks

91
Q

Pahoehoe

A

Flows hot lava beneath the skin & the skin just piles up while cooling

92
Q

A’a

A

Lava flows farther away from volcano when it’s cooled down, thicker crust & lava still flows, & lava breaks and deform

93
Q

Lava tubes

A

Cools more quickly but lava continues to flow beneath

94
Q

How does a lava tube form?

A

Cooling (crystalizing) forms crust above it and lava tube becomes a cave

95
Q

Columnar jointing

A

Are results as basaltic lava flows & contract (looks supernatural) that have equally spaced centers

96
Q

System of Polygonal Cracks

A

Lava cools & decease volume

97
Q

Volcanic neck

A

Lava that cooled & crystallized inside a volcano that can be seen after the outside layers of the extinct volcano have eroded away

98
Q

Andesitic/Rhyolitic volcanoes form near?

A

Subduction zones

99
Q

Features of Andesitic/Rhyolitic eruptions

A

Pyroclastic debris, volcanic ash, tuff/ tephra, pyroclastic flow, & volcanic gases

100
Q

Pyroclastic debris include

A

Volcanic ash, bombs, Lahar, & blocks of pre-existing volcano

101
Q

Bombs

A

Large blobs of lava

102
Q

Volcanic Ash

A

Little shards of lava that form a glasslike substance. Shattered rock

103
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

Fast moving avalanche of hot tephra

104
Q

Tephra/ Tuff

A

A deposit of pyroclastic material which welds together to form the rock Tuff

105
Q

Lahar

A

When tephra mixes with water causes deadly flow (like muddy water)

106
Q

Volcanic gases

A

Water, Co2, H2S, SO2

107
Q

Vescular texture

A

Gas bubbles escaping from cooling lava

108
Q

What do volcanoes make the most of on Earth?

A

Water

109
Q

Mantle Plume melting

A

Partial melting on mantle, partial mantle on crust, or complete melting of crust

110
Q

Triggers of mantle plume melting

A

Deceased pressure, rocks rise, & expansion of volume

111
Q

Icelandic composition

A

Low water & viscosity (basalt)

112
Q

Hawaiian composition

A

Low water & viscosity (basalt)

113
Q

Strombolian composition

A

Moderate water & low to moderate viscosity (basalt to andesite)

114
Q

Vulcanian composition

A

Moderate to high water & moderate to high viscosity (basalt to rhyolite)

115
Q

Plinian composition

A

High water and viscosity (Andesite to rhyolite)

116
Q

What are the 4 primarily ways to volcanoes and kill?

A

Pyroclastic flow
Tsunami
Lahar
Indirect (famine)

117
Q

Why does Pyroclastic flow happen?

A

.Eruption column collapse
.Collapse of a dome
.Overspilling the crater rime
.Direct blast of pyroclastic material

118
Q

Mt. Pelee

A

Pelee- peeled or baled

119
Q

St. Pierre

A

Completely destroyed
2 survived
Stayed because of election

120
Q

nuee ardente

A

Glowing cloud

121
Q

Glowing cloud refers to…

A

Hot, glowing volcanic fragments, & 700 degrees Celsius when it hit St. Pierre

122
Q

Volcanoes that produce pyroclastic flow

A

Rhyolitic

123
Q

Santa Cruz volcano

A

No subduction zone

Mantle plume

124
Q

Krafla volcano

A

Fluid lava

125
Q

Lewatobi Volcano

A

Subduction zone

Andesitic

126
Q

Other ways of volcanic deaths

A

Gas

127
Q

How are craters formed?

A

Volcanic gases

128
Q

Climate changes caused by volcanoes

A

.Volcanic ash-> global cooling
.Sulfuric acid-> acid rain
.CO2-> global warming

EES 150 (5 decks)

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