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EES 150 > EES 150 Exam 2 > Flashcards

EES 150 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s an earthquake?

A

A shaking of Earth’s crust due to a release of energy

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2
Q

What do earthquakes create?

A

Seismic waves

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3
Q

What can cause an earthquakes?

A

.Volcanic activity
.Meteorite impact
.Underwater landslides
.Nuclear bomb explosions

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4
Q

What is the most frequent cause of earthquakes?

A

Movement along faults

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5
Q

Do earthquakes or buildings kill people?

A

Buildings

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6
Q

How do the earthquakes in Japan differ from Haiti?

A

Some of them are deeper

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7
Q

What produces a tsunami?

A

The offset of the ocean floor displaced water

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8
Q

Why does Japan experience a lot of earthquakes?

A

A subduction zone

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9
Q

What caused many people to die in Japan?

A

Tsunami and powerful earthquake

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10
Q

What caused many people to die in Haiti?

A

Poor building codes and a large earthquake

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11
Q

Why does Haiti experience a lot of earthquakes?

A

Because it’s along a transform plate boundary in the Caribbean.

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12
Q

What’s stress?

A

A force applied to a rock

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13
Q

What’s strain?

A

The response to the stress

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14
Q

What’s brittle deformation?

A

When a rock breaks

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15
Q

What’s ductile deformation?

A

When a rock bends/ change shape

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16
Q

What’s evidence of brittle deformation?

A

A fault

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17
Q

What is evidence of ductile deformation?

A

A fold

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18
Q

When do earthquakes occur?

A

When rocks in the Earth’s crust behave in a brittle fashion, break and move relative to each other

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19
Q

What are 2 types of stresses of rocks?

A

Uniform pressure

Differential pressure

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20
Q

What the 3 types of differential stress?

A

Compression
Extension
Shear

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21
Q

What plate boundary causes compression?

A

Convergent

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22
Q

What plate boundary causes extension?

A

Divergent

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23
Q

What plate boundary causes shear?

A

Transform

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24
Q

What terms do geologist use to describe rock layers and fault orientation?

A

Strike and dip

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25
Q

What’s a strike?

A

The line formed by the intersection of the inclined plane with a horizontal one

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26
Q

What’s a dip?

A

The direction of inclination

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27
Q

What’s the difference between a strike-slip fault & a dip-slip fault?

A

Strike-slip fault: Moves back and forth

Dip-slip faulty: Moves up and down

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28
Q

How do you interpret dip-slip faults?

A
  1. Determine which side went up

2. Determine which side is the hanging wall

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29
Q

How can you classify faults?

A

By the relative movement along them

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30
Q

What’s an oblique fault?

A

A fault that involves both kinds of movement

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31
Q

What’s elastic rebound?

A

A pre-earthquake strain and/ or an earthquake strain

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32
Q

How does a pre-earthquake strain describe movement along a fault?

A

A gradual strain in space and time

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33
Q

How does a pre-earthquake strain describe movement along a fault?

A

An abrupt strain in space and time

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34
Q

Are shallow faults locked or transitioned and caused by what

A

lock and earthquakes

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35
Q

Are deeper faults locked or transitioned and caused by what

A

Transition and tremor and slip

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36
Q

What’s a faults hypocenter (focus)?

A

The exact location of the earthquake

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37
Q

What’s the faults

epicenter?

A

The location directly above on the surface

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38
Q

What are primary waves?

A

Compressional earthquake waves that travel the fastest

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39
Q

How do P waves travel?

A

They compress and expand as they move back and forth

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40
Q

Can S waves move through liquid? Why?

A

No, because liquids don’t move up and down relative to each other

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41
Q

How do S-waves travel?

A

They move up and down relative to each other and shear at right angles

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42
Q

What’s used to record earthquakes?

A

Seismographs

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43
Q

What are seismograms generated by?

A

Earthquakes, although from nuclear testing

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44
Q

When do you measure the S waves?

A

Before the amplitude increases

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45
Q

How many seismograms are needed to determine the epicenter?

A

3

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46
Q

When is a station the closet?

A

When the distance between the P and S wave isn’t far

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47
Q

What 3 components are used to measure all directions?

A

.E-W
.N-S
.Vertical

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48
Q

How do waves travel within the Earth?

A

More rapidly at depth where material is more dense

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49
Q

What’s a S-wave shadow zone?

A

S-waves being detected to only 103 degrees on either side of the earthquakes

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50
Q

What’s a P-wave shadow zone?

A

A refraction at the core-mantle and inner core/ outer core

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51
Q

What do seismic tomographs show?

A

Cool, subducted lithospheric plates

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52
Q

What’s the difference between cool and warm areas?

A

.Cool- high velocity

.Warm-low velocity

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53
Q

How many people generally are killed by earthquakes each year?

A

Thousands

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54
Q

What are some factors that influence whether an earthquake will kill large numbers of people?

A

Buildings

Tectonic plates

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55
Q

What’s the difference between Japan’s and Haiti’s tectonic setting?

A

Japan: Continental-Oceanic convergent boundary
Haiti: Continental-Continental transform boundary

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56
Q

Are large earthquakes frequent occurrences?

A

No

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57
Q

What effect(s) does stress have on rocks?

A

Breaking or bending/ changing a rocks formation

58
Q

What can strain be?

A

Change in size, shapes, or volume

59
Q

What’s a fold?

A

A structure caused by ductile deformation

60
Q

What’s a fault?

A

A structure caused by brittle deformation

61
Q

What’s differential stress?

A

Stress where there’s more forces pressed on the sides of the rock, compressing the rock

62
Q

What are 2 kinds of dip-slip faults?

A

Normal and reverse

63
Q

What’s the difference between a normal and reverse dip-slip fault?

A

Normal: has a zone of omission and hanging wall moves down
Reverse: has of zone of repetition and hanging wall moves up

64
Q

What’s the difference between the hanging wall and foot wall?

A

Hanging wall is on the right

Footwall is on the left

65
Q

What kind of differential stress causes reverse dip-slip faults?

A

Compression

66
Q

What kind of differential stress causes normal dip-slip faults?

A

Extension

67
Q

What are two kinds of strike-slip faults?

A

Right and left lateral

68
Q

What differential stress causes strike-slip faults movement?

A

Shear

69
Q

How can movement along strike-slip faults cause compression?

A

When a left-stepping right-lateral strike-slip fault results in compression and uplifting

70
Q

How can movement along strike-slip faults cause extension?

A

When a right-stepping right-lateral strike-slip fault results in rifting and the formation of basins

71
Q

What’s an episodic tremor and slip?

A

A seismic phenomenon observed in subduction zones that’s a non-earthquake seismic rumbling, tremor, and slow slip along the plate interface

72
Q

How can you tell the difference between an earthquake and tremor & slip?

A

By the speed and focus.
Tremor and Slips have a slow slip
Earthquakes have a fast slip

73
Q

How does a fault move due to elastic rebound?

A

It moves fast

74
Q

How does episodic tremor and slip differ from our classic view of fault movement?

A

It moves slower and take days

75
Q

What kind of waves are generated from earthquakes?

A

P,S, and Surface waves

76
Q

What are secondary waves (S-waves)?

A

Shear earthquake waves at right angles to the wave direction that travel slower than P-waves

77
Q

What are surface waves and how do they travel?

A

Slow earthquake waves whose effect lessens with depth. Slow and on the surface

78
Q

Why does a seismograph have 3 components?

A

To measure all direction of ground movement.

79
Q

How can we use P & S wave travel times to calculate the distance to the earthquake?

A

By finding a point where the waves intercept each other at 3 different locations

80
Q

What’s the S-wave shadow zone?

A

A zone where S-waves can only be detected 103 degrees to either side of earthquakes and creates a liquid layer

81
Q

How do earthquakes help us understand Earth’s interior?

A

By how waves are refracted as they encounter boundaries between 2 types of material and traveling more rapidly at depth where material is more dense

82
Q

What’s the P-wave shadow zone?

A

A zone where P-waves extend from 103-143 degrees away from the earthquake

83
Q

Where are P-waves refracted?

A

The core-mantle and the inner/outer core, suggesting the presence of the solid inner core

84
Q

What’s a seismic tomograph?

A

A 3-D image of Earth’s sub-surface characteristics in an effort to understand deep geological structure by gathering P and S waves travel time measurements.

85
Q

How does seismic tomograph help us understand the nature of the mantle?

A

That the in cool areas of the mantle there’s high velocity and warm areas in the mantle there’s low velocity

86
Q

What’s the difference between warm in cool areas in the mantle?

A

Cool areas: Mantle plumes

Warm areas: Subduction zones

87
Q

How does the effects of ground motion vary?

A

By local geology, distance from earthquake, and local building codes

88
Q

What’s sediment liquefaction?

A

When the sediment or soil is saturated with water

89
Q

What areas are vulnerable to sediment liquefaction?

A

Areas with loose sediment and near bodies of water

90
Q

What’s a fault scarp?

A

Changes in ground level are caused by movement along faults during earthquakes where one side is taller than the other

91
Q

How are landslides & avalanches associated with earthquakes?

A

They can be set off by earthquake waves in areas of steep slopes

92
Q

How are tsunamis associated with earthquakes?

A

If land slides into the ocean, the displaced water will form a tsunami wave

93
Q

What are some secondary dangers of earthquakes?

A 
Damaged roads
Fire
Broken levees
Broken pipelines
Power grid problems
94
Q

What’s the difference between magnitude and intensity?

A

Magnitude does not vary by location

Intensity does

95
Q

What’s magnitude?

A

A measurement of some parameter of an earthquake

96
Q

What’s intensity?

A

Is how it affects people

97
Q

What’s the Richter scale?

A

A magnitude scale based on amplitude of earthquake waves

98
Q

How is the Richter scale calculated?

A

By the distance between S & P waves and amplitude

99
Q

what factors are considered when calculation the magnitude of an earthquake based on “seismic moment”?

A

Area of fault rupture
Amount of displacement
Force needed to cause rocks to displace

100
Q

What is the Moment Magnitude Scale?

A

A magnitude Scale based on “Seismic moment”

101
Q

What are the advantages of using the moment magnitude scale?

A

It’s more accurate for large earthquakes which gives a larger number

102
Q

What’s the Mercalli scale?

A

A scale that describes earthquake intensity

103
Q

How is the Mercalli scale used?

A

It has a chart that has 3 column; intensity, shaking, and description/damage

104
Q

What causes Mercalli intensity to vary?

A

Distance from epicenter

105
Q

What’s a shake map?

A

A map that uses color to denote mercalli intensity

106
Q

What causes tsunamis to form?

A

Earthquakes, volcanic activity, and landslides

107
Q

Which is more likely to cause massive numbers of deaths, an earthquakes or tsunami?

A

Tsunami

108
Q

What caused the 2004 Banda Aceh tsunami?

A

An earthquake

109
Q

How is the Banda Aceh tsunami related to plate tectonics?

A

It happened along a subduction zone, dragged the overriding plate with it, and then rebounded back

110
Q

What’s the DART system?

A

A system that tracks tsunamis by monitoring water pressure on the ocean floor.

111
Q

What are 2 ways volcanoes and tsunamis are linked?

A
  1. Tsunamis may be caused by volcanic eruptions- lava may displace seawater
  2. Volcanic islands are prone to underwater landslides
112
Q

How did the eruption of Krakatau cause a tsunami?

A

By the collapse of the volcano into its magma chamber

113
Q

Why are the shores of volcanic islands especially prone to landslides?

A

Because lava cools quickly when it meets cold seawater, leading to the buildup of steep slopes and eventually collapse

114
Q

How does the shores of volcanic islands trigger tsunamis?

A

By the collapse of the lava deltas in the sea

115
Q

What tsunami threat exists for the Atlantic?

A

The eruption of the volcano of Cumbre Vieja

116
Q

What is the geologic explanation for the tsunami threat for the Atlantic?

A

Waves as high as 13m high on the eastern US coast

117
Q

Why is Hawaii especially threatened by tsunamis?

A

Because it’s surround by the “ring of fire” and threated from all directions

118
Q

How doe tsunami waves interact with islands (as opposed to wind-generated waves)?

A

Wind-blown waves have short wavelengths & generally affect only of side of an island and ripples to many islands until the waves stop on their own

119
Q

How does the shape of the ocean basin and water depth affect the movement of the tsunami wave?

A

The waves do not travel outward in all directions equally

120
Q

Why does the west coast of the US have a lot of earthquakes?

A

Because it’s near subduction zones, transform faults, and mid-ocean ridges

121
Q

How did the San Andreas fault form?

A

By the subduction of an oceanic plate over several 10’s of million of years. (Farallon plate)

122
Q

What caused the Good Friday earthquake in Alaska?

A

Vertical displacement associated with a subduction zone

123
Q

Why are there earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone?

A

Because of the subduction of the Juan de Fuca at around 4.5 cm/yr

124
Q

How do we know there was a very large earthquake in Cascadia in 1700?

A

By the subsidence of land killing of coastal trees , rupture zone, fire pits, and tree ring dating

125
Q

Why do we think the earthquake in Cascadia was a magnitude 9?

A

Eyewitness accounts of intensity from the oral records of First people

126
Q

Why do we compare the Cascadia earthquake with the one in Chile?

A

Related to subduction and the largest recorded earthquakes

127
Q

What part of Kentucky is given a high seismic risk and why?

A

Western Kentucky and because of large earthquakes that happened in 1811-1812

128
Q

What were the effects of the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquake?

A

Ground displacement, new lakes, cliffs formed, waterfalls formed in streams, and sand blows

129
Q

What are some ways the magnitudes of the New Madrid earthquakes were calculated and why do they give different results?

A
  1. Fault-rupture length estimates from aftershock location give smaller moment magnitudes: 7.3-7.7
  2. Soft, water-saturated sediment of ground amplifies shaking: 7.0 to 7.5
130
Q

Why do earthquakes occur in the New Madrid area?

A

Because of “Reelfoot Rift”

131
Q

What’s the reelfoot rift?

A

A buried ancient failed rift valley that formed ~ 600 million years ago

132
Q

How did the reelfoot rift probably form?

A

By aulacogen( failed rifts, often form as continents break apart)

133
Q

What’s a shake map?

A

A map that uses color to denote Mercalli intensity

134
Q

What are some reason building collapse during earthquakes?

A

Soft first floors and hollow core brick construction

135
Q

Does the Mercalli intensity vary with distance from epicenter?

A

Yes

136
Q

How does the time of day influence the death rate when an earthquake occurs?

A

Some people may start their day and go to work at certain times and some people stay at home at certain times

137
Q

How does paleoseismology help us understand earthquake risk?

A

It’s the study of ancient earthquakes to help understand earthquake frequency and plan for the future

138
Q

What’s resonance?

A

Is when the building period and the earthquake wave period match and combine, increasing shaking

139
Q

What happens to earthquake waves when they pass through loose sediments?

A

They travel more slowly

140
Q

What are some ways to decrease the effects of resonance?

A

Change of shape & height of building. Move weights to lower floors and building materials.

141
Q

What are some engineering techniques to help buildings withstand earthquakes?

A

Interior walls especially shear walls, flexible bracing frames, base isolation (shock absorbers), small frame construction, not too tall, modern construction

EES 150 (5 decks)

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