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HELENP EE Ecology > EE Lecture 20: Biomes > Flashcards

EE Lecture 20: Biomes Flashcards

1
Q

what are biomes

A

large scale biological communities shaped by the physical enviro in which they are found

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2
Q

what are biomes characterised by

A

the most common groups of plants distributed across large geographic areas

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3
Q

how many biomes are there?

what ar4e they?

A 
9
TRF
tropical seasonal forest
savanna
desert
temperate grassland
temperate shrubland
woodland
temperate deciduous forest
temperate evergreen forest
boreal forest
tundra
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4
Q

why use plants as opposed to animals to categorize terrestrial biomes

A

theyre immobile
tend to occupy site for long time
they must be able to compete with extremes and biological pressures

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5
Q

describe deciduous trees

A

deciduous plants drop their leaves during cold/dry periods

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6
Q

what is a solution of plants to seasonal exposure to subfreezing temps/extended dry periods

A

being able to shed leaves - having deciduous leaves

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7
Q

where are the majordeserts in the world

A

associated with the zones of HIGH pressure 30degN/S and with the rain shadow effects of large mountain ranges

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8
Q

what are the locations of biomes correlated with

A

variations in temperature and precipitation

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9
Q

why do the potential distributions of terrestrial biomes differ from their actual distribution

A

due to human activity

land conversion and resource extraction

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10
Q

how do biological communities in mountains occur

A

in elevational bands associated with climate gradients

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11
Q

what are main aquatic biomes

A

freshwater - lotic and lentic

marine - pelagic, neritic, coral reefs, upwellings, littoral (shore lines

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12
Q

where are TRFs found

A

in low latitude tropics between 10deg N/s

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13
Q

what biome is found 10deg N/S

A

TRF

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14
Q

what is annual precipitation of TRF

A

exceeds 2000mm - 79inches

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15
Q

describe TRF temperatures

A

warm,seasonally invariant temps
dont really have seasonal rythyms
plants grow continuously throughout year

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16
Q

how can habitats within a biome differ

A

microclimate
altitude
aspect
substrate (geology, hydrology, nutrients)

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17
Q

name continents where TRG occur

A

central and south america
africa
australia
SE Asia

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18
Q

what is TRF biome characterized by

A

broad leaved evergreen and deciduous trees

5 canopies 30-40m high

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19
Q

what happens to rainfall patterns as you move N and S

A

becomes more seasonal, with pronounced wet and dry seasons

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20
Q

discuss tropical seasonal forests

A

10-20N/S

one or more pronounced drt seasons

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21
Q

where are deserts found

A

20-40N/S equatorlow unpredicatable rainfall
high vaporative stress - xerophyllyy
dominated by shrubs succullence and drought resistance

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22
Q

what biome found 10-20N/S

A

tropical season forest

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23
Q

what biome found 20-40N/S

A

desert

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24
Q

what are savannas

A

communities dominated by grasses with intermixed trees and shrubs

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25
Q

what do the major desert zones include

A

sahara
arabian deserts
atacama desert of chile

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26
Q

outline some features of desert plants that show convergence

A

succulent stems, water conserving photosynthetic pathways, upright stems minimizing sun exposure and protective spines

27
Q

what/where are temperate grasslands

A

large expanses of grasslands that once occured throughout N.America and Eurasia between 30-50N

28
Q

compare seasonal temperature variaiton in tropical and temperate climates

A

temperate climates have greater seasonal temperature variation than tropical climates, with increasing periods of sufreezing temps toward the poles

29
Q

what seasons are grasslands usually associated with

A

warm,moist summers and cold, dry winters

30
Q

discuss temperate deciduous forests

A

40-60N

30-50S

31
Q

what biome found 40-60N and 30-50S

A

temperate desciduous forest

32
Q

discuss climate in TDF

A

predictable rainfall
deciduous leaves - more sensitive to freezing
oak maple beeches

33
Q

discuss boreal forests, where found=

A

above 50deg N, severity of winters increases
min temp -50 common in Siberia
continuous subfreezing last 6mnths
permafrost - impedes water drainage so soils saturated

34
Q

what is boreal forest aka

A

taiga

35
Q

what species is boreal/taiga mainly composed of

A

coniferous species; spruce pines larches

36
Q

climate of boreal

A

cold and wet - limiting deocmposition plants

37
Q

tundra -where found

A

only found in NORTH

russia siberia n.canada

38
Q

where can forest fires occur

A

mediterranean

boreal forest

39
Q

what similarities exist between the tundra and boreal forest

A

cold temp
low precipitation
widespread permafrost

40
Q

howcomes many tundras are wet

A

the permafrost keeps the little precipitation that does fall from percolating to deeper soils

41
Q

what are regional names for mediterranean

A 
sclerophyllous woodland
temperate evergreen woodland
chaparral
maquis
phrygana
garrique
42
Q

what are features of mediterranean

A

hot dry summers
warm wet winters
spectacular flush of early spring flowers
fires
climax an evergreen sclerophyllous forest
disturbed by heavy grazing by goats

43
Q

what biome is found high latitudes 60-70 in N hemisphere

A

boreal forest:taiga

44
Q

what biome has snow cover for more than 9 months

A

tundra

45
Q

what biome has small mammals that show cyclic pops

A

tundra

46
Q

which small mammals show cyclic pops

A

lemmings 4 yr

snowshoe hare 10 yr

47
Q

outline some key species of savanna

A

bizarre large animals: elephant giraffe
abundant feline and canine predators
grazing tolerant and fire tolerant plants

48
Q

name some keystone species of the desert

A

rodents and ants

49
Q

define a keystone species

A

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically

50
Q

name some large ungulate herbivores of grassland

A

bison

51
Q

what are fossorial animals
where foud
give example

A

underground animals like moles (predators) or dogs (herbivores)

52
Q

what type of grasses are grasslands dominated by

A

tussock (caespitose) or clonal, turf forming (rhizomatous) grasses

53
Q

what are caespitose grasses

A

tussock grasses

54
Q

what are rhizomatous grasses

A

turf forming grasses

55
Q

what are birds of TDF typically like

A

insectivorous birds typically migratory

56
Q

what predator prey cycles are characteristic of tundra

A

characteristic 10yr cycles in popn density of predators and prey

57
Q

what are hare and lynx keystone species of

A

boreal forest/taiga

58
Q

what large migratory ungulates are there in taiga

A

caribou

59
Q

what biome are caribou a major species of

A

taiga/boreal forest

60
Q

what species is taiga dominated by

A

low diversity evergreen spruce forest

61
Q

what biome is dominated by low diversity evergreen spruce forest

A

taiga/boreal forest

62
Q

what marine predators exist in tundra

A

polar bear
sea lion
marine pred

63
Q

where are penguins found

A

in S hemisphrere tundra

64
Q

what biome has v low vascular plant diversity

A

tundra

HELENP EE Ecology (8 decks)

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