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HELENP EE Ecology > EE Lecture 19: Plants, Soils and Succession > Flashcards

EE Lecture 19: Plants, Soils and Succession Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major determinants of community structure

A

climate and soils

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2
Q

what are main uses of soil

A

decomposition and nutrient cycling
habitat
soil orgs are major food source
soil conservation for agriculture

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3
Q

what are main components of soil

A

mineral water air biota

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4
Q

name some physical properties of soil

A 
crumb structure
coherence
elasticity
porosity
permeability
storage capacity -water gas heat
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5
Q

what can soil store

A

wter
gas
heat
biota

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6
Q

what does amount of soil storage depend on

A

humus colloids

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7
Q

what types of nitrogen is available in soil

A

organic N
ammonium
nitrates nitrites

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8
Q

what is cation exchange capacity

A

the total no. of cations that can be adsorbed per unit weight of soil

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9
Q

what is the total no. of cations that can be adsorbed per unit gram of soil called

A

cation exchange capacity

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10
Q

what are great soil groups influenced by

A

water available
temp
geology -pH

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11
Q

in what way is soil atmosphere different from air

A

less oxygen
more CO2
same nitrogen

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12
Q

how is waterlogged soil different in composition to normal soil

A

there is increased methane/ethylene ammonia, hydrogen sulphide

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13
Q

what are soil profiles dependent on

A 
plant material
climate
living orgs
topography
duration of pseudogenesis
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14
Q

what is pseudogenesis

A

formation of soilge

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15
Q

wht are the chemically and physically distinct layers of soil called

A

horizons

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16
Q

what are horizons

A

organisation of soil into chemically and physically distinct layers

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17
Q

HOW MAny horizons is a normal soil profile split into

A 
5:
0
A
B
C
D
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18
Q

how is soil formed

A
  1. additions
  2. losses through wind/water/plant uptake
  3. transformation
  4. translocation
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19
Q

in what way can soil be lost

A

wind
water
plant uptake

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20
Q

what is the 0 horizon

A

organic debris, leaf litter

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21
Q

what is the organic debris layer of soil called

A

the 0 horizon

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22
Q

what is the A horizon

A

top surface soil - dark layer of mixed organics and mineral - max biological activity

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23
Q

what is the top surface soil layer called

A

the A horizon

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24
Q

which layer of soil has the most biological activity

A

A horizon : top surface soil layer

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25
Q

what is the B horizon

A

transitional layer - accumulation of material leached from A

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26
Q

what is the horizon which is a transitional layer with accumulation of material leached from A

A

B horizon

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27
Q

what is the C horizon composed of

A

weathered parent material - drift

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28
Q

which soil layer is composed of weathered parent material

A

C horizon

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29
Q

what is the D horizon

A

non-parent under stratum eg rock

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30
Q

what is the non-parent under stratum called

A

D horizon - rock

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31
Q

name some british soil type

A

podzol acid soils
brown earth fertile soils
chernozen calcareous soils

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32
Q

where are podzol acid soils and chernozen calcareous soils normally found

A

in Britain

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33
Q

describe podzol soils

A

acidic soils

high rainfall

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34
Q

describe chernozem soils

A

calcareous soils

low rain

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35
Q

describe brown earth soils

A

fertile

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36
Q

name an acidic soil with high rainfall

A

podzol soil

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37
Q

name a highly fertile soil

A

brown earth soil

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38
Q

name a calcareous soil

A

chernozem

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39
Q

what are major macronutrients of plants

A 
P
K
S
Ca
Mg
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40
Q

name some micronutrients needed by plants

A 
Fe
Cl
Mn
B
Zn
Cu
Mo
Ni
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41
Q

name some micronutrients needed by plants for nitrogen metabolism

A

Ni

Mo

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42
Q

how can soils be polluted minerally

A

lots of heavy metals Cu,Ni,Zn that are micronutrients in small quantities but are toxic to plants when found at high concentrations

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43
Q

name some heavy metals that can pollute soils

A

Cu
Ni
Zn

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44
Q

when can micronutrients like Cu Ni and Zn become toxic to plants

A

when present at high concentrations in soils

45
Q

outline main roles of Calcium in soils

A

neutralises acids
alters pH
physiological effects - catalyst, ion uptake, water uptake,membranes
affecs soil condns - humification, soil formation, soil structure

46
Q

in what way does calcium affect soil pH

A

neutralises acids

47
Q

what physiological effects does Calcium have

A

catalyst
ion uptake
water uptake
membranes

48
Q

how does calcium affect soil condn

A

humification
soil formation
soil structure`

49
Q

name some calcium (in)dependent plant species

A

Calcicole

Califuge

50
Q

what are calcicoles

A

plant species that love chalk/limestone

plants characteristic of lime soils

51
Q

what are califuge species

A

plants characteristic of acidic soils - low in calcium

52
Q

what are plants characteristic of calcium rich soils called

A

calcicoles

53
Q

what are plants characteristic of acidic soils low in calcium called

A

califuge

54
Q

what can an excess of calcium in soils cause

A

a deficiency of potassium, magnesium and certain trace elements

55
Q

what are lime avoiders called

A

calcifuge

56
Q

what are lime lovers called

A

calcicoles

57
Q

how can a deficiency of potassium, magnesium and certain trace elements be cause

A

by an excess of Ca in soil

58
Q

give an example of how soils determine the identity of the dominant plant species

A

Nardus stricta - a califuge - not common in SE but everywhere else, whereas Anthyllis vulneria - calcicole is present where Nardus stricta isnt

59
Q

name a calcicole

A

anthyllis vulneraria

60
Q

name a calcifuge

A

nardus stricta

61
Q

is anthyllis vulneraria a clacicole or calcifuge

A

anthyllis vulneraria is a calcicole

62
Q

is nardus stricta a calcicole or calcifuge

A

nardus stricta is a calcifuge

63
Q

where is nardus stricta most commonly found in britain

A

in SE where soils are acidic - anywhere where anthyllis vulneraria isnt found

64
Q

define succession

A

the sequence of ecological changes in which one group of plant and animal species is replaced by another:
changes in a definite direction

65
Q

what types of succession is there

A

primary or secondary

66
Q

what are the mechanisms for sucesion

A

facilitation (relay floristics)
inhibition
idiosyncratic (initial floristic competition)

67
Q

what is facilitation aka

A

relay floristics

68
Q

what is idiosyncratic aka

A

initial floristic competiition

69
Q

where does primary succession occur

A 
lava
glacial retreat
sea bed exposure
sand dune
rockfall (talus or scree)
70
Q

what type succession likely to occur from glacial retreat/rockfall

A

primary

71
Q

what are the main processes in primary successtion

A

soil formation
nutrient capture -spesh nitrogen
organic matter build up
inc diversity
inc max plant height
good compeitiors for water and nutrients are replaced by good competitiors for light
typical sequence: lichens - moss - grass - shrubs - tres

72
Q

in primary succession, what are good competitors for nutrients and water likely to be replaced by

A

good competitors for light

73
Q

what is a typical primary succession sequence

A

lichen - moss - grass - shrub - trees

74
Q

what type of succession is the following typical of

lichens - moss - grass- shrub - tree

A

primary

75
Q

what is main nutrient capture in primary succession

A

nitrogen

76
Q

how is secondary succession different from primary

A

a well developed soil already exists, bare ground is just created by:
fire/deforestation/tree fall/land slide/wind throw/soil cultivation

77
Q

how is bare ground created for secondary succession

A 
fire
wind throw
land slide
deforestation
soil cultivation or construction work
78
Q

what are seres

A

the recognizable stages of succcession

79
Q

what are the recognisable stages of sucession called

A

seres

80
Q

what is the climax community

A

the end point of succession

81
Q

give an example of a typical climax community

A

woodland

82
Q

what are most grasslands in succession

A

seral

83
Q

how are most grasslands prevented from developing into climax community

A

by fires/grazing animals

84
Q

what effect do fires/grazing animals have on seral species

A

prevent them from developing into climax community

85
Q

what succession mechanism is most important in primary succession

A

facilitation

86
Q

what type of succession is facilitation a mechanism of

A

primary

87
Q

what is facilitation also known aas

A

relay floristic mechanism

88
Q

why is facilitation also known as relay floristic mechanism

A

because species A paves way for Species B which paves what for C and so on

89
Q

what is the succession mechanism “inhibition”

A

opposite to facilitation
species A stops B from establishing
B can only invade once A has suffered a set back eg. build up of specialist pathogens

90
Q

where has inhibition been seen in successsion

A

in primary succession of sand dune

91
Q

how does a species overcome inhibition in succession

A

can only invade if the inhibiting species suffers a set back - eg. build up of its specialist pathogens

92
Q

what does the idiosyncratic mechanism of succession involve

A

initial floristic composition
the species that get there first are the pones that persist,
fast growing colonists come to dominance first eg. grasses
slower growing species eg trees were there from beginning eg. as seedlings but only came to dominance once they overtopped the rapid growers

93
Q

what is the succession mechanism that states that first growing colonists are the ones that persist

A

initial floristic composition

idiosyncratic

94
Q

give an example of idiosyncratic succession (initial floristic composition)

A

trees there from beginning eg.as seedlings but only come to show when theyve overtopped the fast growing rapid species eg. grasses

95
Q

define good competitors in terms of what they do to R*

A

they reduce resource supply to the lowest level of R*

96
Q

what doeoes a low R* mean

A

dominance

97
Q

what trade offs are faced in succession

A

colonization - competition trade off

the best competitors are the worst colonizers

98
Q

what are the main mechanisms for studying succession

A

repeated observations of permanent plots through time

observations of different aged plots at one time - a chronosequence using space for time substitution

99
Q

what is a chronosequence for succession

A

observation of different aged plots at one time - use space for time substitution

100
Q

name example of primary succession

A

glacial moraine succession in SE Alaska

101
Q

name an example of secondary succession

A

Old Field succession in E. US Piedmont plateau

102
Q

what type succession in glacier bay, alaska

A

primary succession

103
Q

what type succession in old field, e. US piedmont plateau

A

secondary succession

104
Q

outline succession in glacier bay, alaska

A

200yr chronosequence

  1. blue green algal crusts,lichens,liverworts,mosses:nitrogen fixers
  2. horsetails and scattered vascular plants
  3. dwarf shrub Dryas drumondii
  4. Willows (Salix) and Cottonwood (Populus)
  5. Alder
  6. Sitka spruce
105
Q

what do most colonizing species in primary succession have in common - give examples

A

mostly nitrogen fixers

liverworts, algal crusts, lichens, mosses

106
Q

what is the climax community of Glacier Bay

A

Sitka spruce ~200yrs

107
Q

outline succession in Old Field in Piedmont plateau

A 
0.Crops
1,conyza canadensis
2.ambrosia artemisfolia, aster pilosus
3. andropogon virginicus
5-40. Pine and juniper
41+ Oak
108
Q

what is climax community in Piedmont plateau - after how many years

A

oak

41+ yrs

HELENP EE Ecology (8 decks)

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