Education: Topic 1 - External Factors, Class

Question 1

Define the term Material Deprivation

Answer 1

It is the lack of physical necessities that are needed to succeed in education such as diet and health, housing, finances, and fear of debt.

Question 2

Define the term Cultural Deprivation

Answer 2

It is the lack of the correct norms and values needed to succeed in education. For example, parents education, language and subcultures.

Question 3

What are the 4 forms of material deprivation

Answer 3

Housing, diet and heath, use of income and fear of debt.

Question 4

What are the 3 forms of cultural deprivation

Answer 4

Parents education/interest, language, subcultures/mindset,

Question 5

What is Cultural Capital

Answer 5

Having the right educational, economic capital and norms and values to be able to succeed in education.

Question 6

Define the term restricted code

Answer 6

This is the slang way that working class students talk. It impacts them negatively as it stops them understanding teachers, exams etc.

Question 7

Define the term elaborated code

Answer 7

This is the way of speech that teachers, textbooks and exams use. It is formal and advantages the MC as they speak it and is favoured by education.

Question 8

Which sociologist coined the 2 language codes

Answer 8

Bernstein.

Question 9

Which sociologist found that working-class parents placed less value on education. As a result:

· They were less ambitious for their own children
· Gave them less encouragement
· Took less interest.
· They visited schools less
· Were less likely to discuss their child’s progress with teachers.

Answer 9

Douglas

Question 10

Which sociologist found that middle-class parents tend to be better educated and as such socialise children to be more positive toward education. This happens in a number of ways:

· PARENTING STYLE
· PARENTS’ EDUCATIONAL BEHAVIOURS
· USE OF INCOME
· CLASS, INCOME AND PARENTAL EDUCATION

Answer 10

Feinstein

Question 11

According to Feinstein how does parenting style impact on students education

Answer 11

· PARENTING STYLE Educated parents’ parenting = consistent discipline and high expectations.
Less educated parents = harsher or inconsistent with discipline
Having these higher expectations for students means that they are more likely to hold themselves to high standards in education.

Question 12

According to Feinstein how does parents educational behaviours impact on students education

Answer 12

· PARENTS’ EDUCATIONAL BEHAVIOURS Educated parents engage in behaviours such as reading, visiting educational places & foster relationships with teachers.
This impacts on children as they then also aim to recreate these behaviours.

Question 13

According to Feinstein how does use of income from parents impact on students education

Answer 13

· USE OF INCOME Better educated parents have higher incomes that they spend on promoting their children’s educational success e.g. educational toys.
This impacts their education from an early age, as it encourages them into education.

Question 14

According to Feinstein which of class, income and parents education is the most important factor in impacting on a child’s education.

Answer 14

· CLASS, INCOME AND PARENTAL EDUCATION – whilst better paid middleclass parents tend to do better, parents education is key regardless of class and income. Even within social class better educated parents tend to have more successful children at school. This shows how parental education is the most important factor.

Question 15

Who came up with the 4 working class mind sets of Fatalism, Collectivism, Present Time Orientation and Immediate gratification.

Answer 15

Sugarman

Question 16

Define Sugarman’s 4 working class mindsets and how they impact on the working class’s educational achievement

Answer 16

Collectivism - This is the idea of valuing the group over yourself. This would impact them as they don’t care about their own goals/grades, caring more about what their friends think of them.

Present time orientation - they care about the here an now, rather than planning and prepping for the future. This impacts them as they would rather hang out with mates right now than revise for future exams.

Fatalism - They believe that “what will be will be” and that they have no power to change their fate. This impacts them as it allows them to fall into an SPF, as they don’t see the benefits of hard work.

Immediate gratification - They want prizes/gratification right now. This means that they would rather have a job now, rather than going to university and getting a better job later.

Question 17

Define the term compensatory education

Answer 17

Compensatory education is where there is a form of free education that can compensate for the lack of norms and values that the working class students may lack. E.g. Sesame street, sure start centres

Question 18

Which sociologist says that students are not culturally deprived, just culturally different

Answer 18

Keddie. This means that the norms and values that WC children are not wrong, they are just different than what MC children are raised. There is nothing wrong with wanting a job rather than going to uni.

Question 19

Which sociologists criticise the idea that working class parents do not care about their child’s education. Instead:

· They attend less parents evenings because they work longer hours, have more children to look after
· They are put off by the middle class atmosphere of the school
· They want to help but lack the knowledge to do so
· Schools with mainly working class children have less effective ways of contacting home.

Answer 19

Blackstone and Mortimore

Question 20

What fraction of students eligible for free school means achieve 5 or more GCSES A*-C

Answer 20

Barely 1/3 of pupils eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSEs A*-C.

Question 21

What is a main reason why children do not attend school

Answer 21

Money problems are significant in children’s non- attendance

Question 22

Who is more likely to be excluded MC or WC

Answer 22

Working class or those from deprived areas

Question 23

What % of failing schools are in deprived areas

Answer 23

90% of failing schools are in deprived areas

Question 24

What are direct impacts of housing on education

Answer 24

· Overcrowding can make it hard for a child to study, also less room for homework and disturbed sleep

· Development can be impaired for younger children who do not have the space for play and exploration

· Families in temporary accommodation move more often which results in changes to schools and disruption

Question 25

What are indirect impacts of housing on education

Answer 25

· Poor housing can impact a child’s health and well being

· Children in crowded homes are at greater risk of accidents

· Cold or damp housing can lead to illness

· Children in temporary accommodation suffer more psychological stress, infections and accidents.

· These all result in absences from school.

Question 26

Which sociologist discusses how diet impacts on children and what does he say

Answer 26

HOWARD– young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition means weaker immune system leading to illness and absence from school.