Education: Social Class Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

Durham Uni Study (2016)

A

Found privately educated children are two years ahead of students in the state sector by the time they reach 16.

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2
Q

UCL and Kings College Study

A

Found that a child’s chances of success in Britain today are still largely dependent on the background and earnings of their parents. Children also do better the more ‘middle-class’ the school they attend.

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3
Q

A child from a working class background is less likely to:

A
  • Be in nursery or a pre-school play group.
  • Leave school with 5 or more A* - C grades at GCSEs.
  • Progress to university.
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4
Q

A child from a working class backround is more likely to:

A
  • Start school unable to read.
  • Fall behind in reading, writing, and numeracy.
  • Suffer from mental health problems, illness, poor attendance and poor performance.
  • Be placed in lower sets.
  • Study vocational subjects.
  • Achieve lower scores in SATs and GCSEs.
  • Attend a failing school.
  • Have a shorter educational career: leave school early.
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5
Q

What did the government review on social class differences in education find?

A

That children from the poorest homes hear 13 million words by the time they are 4, whereas children from more affluent homes hear 45 million.

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6
Q

Perry and Francis (2010)

A
  • Found that social class remains the strongest predictor of educational achievement in the UK,.
  • Found a clear connection between poverty and educational underachievement.
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7
Q

Meritocracy

A

Achievement based on merit, ability and effort rather than social backround.

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8
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement up or down the social ladder (class system).

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9
Q

Gove (2010)

A

Told the a Commons education committee that “rich thick kids do better than poor clever children”.

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10
Q

Sodha and Margo (2010)

A
  • Highlight that children’s educational attainment is overwhelmingly linked to parental occupation, income, and qualifications.
  • Marked differences become apparent in early childhood with readiness for school.
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11
Q

BBC (2010)

A

Found that by the age of three, poor children have been assessed to be a year behind richer ones in terms of communication.

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12
Q

National Equality Panel (2010)

A

In some disadvantages areas up to 50% of children begin primary school without the necessary language and communication skills.

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13
Q

At key stage 2, 53.5% of pupils eligible for free school meals reach the expected level in English and Maths compared with…

A

75.5% of pupils who are not eligible.

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14
Q

Cassen and Kingdom (2007)

A

Found that children on free school meals are more likely to attend the lowest-performing schools in deprived areas. They are also disproportionately likely to have been in care, or have special needs.

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15
Q

Kerr and West (2010)

A
  • Note that social deprivation has a negative impact on educational attainment across all OEDC countries.
  • UK has a particularly high degree of social segregation and the most highly differentiated results.
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16
Q

What are External Factors?

A

Factors outside of the school, such as, home, culture, and parental influences.

17
Q

What are Internal Explanations?

A

Factors inside of the school. E.g. type of school, pupil teacher relationships, setting and streaming, and pupil subcultures.

18
Q

What do External Explanations emphasise?

A
  • The influence of the home, culture, and wider society.
  • A macro level of analysis and structural explanation of the social class gap.
  • Input/output approach.
  • Assumes that if pupils bring good things from home they are likely to reap the rewards and succeed.
19
Q

Identify the three key External Factors:

A
  1. Material Deprivation
  2. Cultural Deprivation
  3. Cultural Capital
20
Q

What are theories of material deprivation?

A
  • Theories linked to economic poverty,
  • As a result of lack of financial resources in working class homes children are deprived of material resources which could enhance their eductaional achievement.
  • Low income therefore understood as creating a barrier to learning, where children are unable to make the most of educational opportunities.
21
Q

Examples of Material Deprivation:

A

Inability to afford: Heating, revision guides, school trips, transport costs, uniform, stationary, tutoring, food.

22
Q

90% of failing schools are located in …

A

economically deprived areas.

23
Q

Material Deprivation Theory:

HOUSING

A
  • Overcrowding - can make it harder to study and do homework, and can lead to disturbed sleep from shared bedrooms.
  • Lack of space - can impair young children’s development for safe play and exploration.
  • Poor quality housing - More accidents impacts health, cold or damp housing can also cause ill health.
  • Temporary accommodation - Families in temporary accommodation suffer more psycological distress, infection, and accidents, schooling is also disrupted by constantly having to move.
24
Q

Material Deprivation Theory:

DIET AND HEALTH

A
  • Poor nutrition - weakens the immune system and lowers energy levels, which may lead to diffuiculties concentrating in class and more absences from school.
25
Q

Howard (2001)

A

Notes that young people from poorer homes have a lower intake of energy, vitamins, and minerals.

26
Q

Wilkinson (1996)

A

Found that among 10 year-olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety, and conduct disorders, all or which are likely to have a negative effect on education

27
Q

Blanden and Machin (2007)

A

Found that children from low income families are more likely to engage in externalising behaviour (fighting and temper tantrums), which are likely to disrupt their schooling.

28
Q

Material Deprivation Theroy:

FINANCES

A
  • Children from poorer families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement.
  • Also those who are less likely to achieve financial support from their families are more likely to apply to local universities so they could live at home.
29
Q
A
30
Q

Bull (1980)

A

Refers to the fact that certain pupils have to do without schooling as ‘the costs of free schooling’.

31
Q

Tanner et al (2003)

A

Found that the cost of items such ad transport, uniforms, books, calculators, and sports equipment, places a heavy burden on poor families.

32
Q

Smith and Noble (1995)

A

Poverty acts as a barrier to learning because it contributes to the inability to access private schooling or tuition, and results in children going to poorer quality schools.

33
Q

Ridge (2002)

A

Found that children in poverty are more likely to take on jobs and that this often has a negative impact on school work.

34
Q

Callendar and Jackson (2005)

A

Found that WC students are more debt adverse and saw more costs than benefits from going to university.

35
Q

What is the dropout rate at Sunderland - A university with a large proportion of working-class students?

A

13%, compared to 1.4% at Oxford.

36
Q

How many students at Oxford are originally from private schools?

A

4 in 10.

37
Q

What is Cultural deprivation?

A

Theories linked to the home, cultural backround and parental values. The view is that as a result of socialisation patterns working class parents do not instill values which encourage children to value school and their education.

38
Q

How does cultural deprivation theory view WC culture?

A

WC culture is understood as inadequate - failing to nurture, stimulate and enrich interest and therefore working-class children lack the ‘cultural equipment’ essential for educational success, thus, they are at a disadvantage.

39
Q
A