Education Policy & Standards

Question 1

Butler Act 1944

Selection

Answer 1

tripartite system
allocated to school based on perceived abil - all take 11+
gram for bright academic = 20%
sec mod = maj = basic edu X external exams until CSEs
tech - if interested in tech subjects - vocational skills = 5%

Question 2

Tripartite System

Selection

Answer 2

intended to provide sep but equal types of edu for partic talents
stated all pupils should have equal status w/ equip & staffing quality
in prac X work

Question 3

Evaluation of Selection

Answer 3

11+ = unreliable use of IQ testing = X good measure of aca abil
process = unfair - denied many pupils access to edu beyond 18
no parity of esteem sec mod schools seen as 2nd best by parents, pupils & employers
soc class divisions

Question 4

Marketisation

Answer 4

created edu market to improv quality by dec direct state control inc comp between schools & inc parental choice of school

Question 5

League Tables

Answer 5

pub exam results want to be good so attract parents
cream skimming - top schools can take high ach pupils = MC
silt shifting - top schools can avoid lower ach pupils - lower ranked forced to take

Question 6

Business Sponsorship

Answer 6

provide resources then can advertise at events
get m £ so have m resources = m appealing to students so then get m formula funding

Question 7

LEA Control

Answer 7

2010 could opt out of LEA control & = academy
get central gov funding & can control cur
means can comp w/ local schools & provide slightly dif services

Question 8

Ofsted

Answer 8

gives parent insight into school want high ranking / good report to attract m parents
mod reviews = less accessible to parents not just one word = description

Question 9

Parentocracy

Answer 9

where parents gave greater choice over school their children attend

Question 10

Evaluation of Meritocracy

Answer 10

Ball & Whitty - reprod inequal
- league tables & Bartlett - encours cream skimming & silt shifting
- formula funding - pop schools w/ better facs & results get m £ less desireable get less £ X improv
Ball - myth of parentocracy edu system based on idea parents have free choice - choosers Leech & Campos MC can afford to move to catchment for good school

Question 11

Gerwirtz

Answer 11

priviledged skilled choosers - pro MC p’s - econ & cul cap gain children’s edu cap - take advan of choices & can navi admis - £ pay for transport to better school
disconnected local choosers - WC restricted by econ & cul cap admis = dif safety & facils = m NB than rank X £ for trans
semi skilled choosers - mainly WC but ambitious for children - lack cap & find edu market dif - rely on others ops = frust by inabil to access des school

Question 12

New Labour & Inequality

(1997-2010)

Answer 12

edu action zones - extra resources
aim higher - raise aspirs of groups underrep in edu
edu maintenance allowance (EMAs) payments to lower backgrounds to encour edu post 16

Question 13

Crticisms of New Labour

Answer 13

cost of edu - EMAs to help w/ FE but HE = v expensive
grammar & fee paying schools - inequal X abol
marketisation maintains inequal

Question 14

Academies

Conservative Gov 2010

Answer 14

schools encour to leave LEAs
direct state funding
control cur - some run by priv edu businesses

Question 15

Free Schools

Conservative Gov 2010

Answer 15

direct state funding
set p by parents etc who = unhappy w/ local edu standards
claim improve stans by removing state control
Allen (2010) research in Sweden = 20% free schools - only ben if from highly edu fam - cause class division

Question 16

Fragmented Centralisation

Ball

Answer 16

comp system = replaced by diverse provisions by priv comps - led to inequal
cen gov alone has power to allow/require schools to = acas/free schools dec LEAs

Question 17

Criticisms of Conservative Policy

Answer 17

spending cuts - on school buildings dec by 60%
uni tuition fees x3 - may discourage WC
cutting sure start & EMA limiting WC ops
Hall (2011) sees conserv gov poll as part of march to neo lib rev - acas = example of pub services to priv comps for prof

Question 18

Types of Privatisation

Answer 18

endogenous - w/in schools - act m like priv business - £ for marketing
exogenous - by priv comps eg Pearson owning Edexcel & make prof

Question 19

Privitisation

Answer 19

blurring priv/pub - senior offics - HTs - work for priv comps bidding for contracts
glob - priv comps in edu service indust owned by foreign comps, UK comps offer Eng pol like service abroad eg Ofsted inspecs means state less NB in pol providing
cola-isation - priv comps pen edu via vending machines & sponsorship
edu as commodity- Ball priv comps key in shaping edu pol - focused on moving edu services out of pub sector controlled by state to prive comps

Question 20

Privitisation Evaluation

Answer 20

Buckingham & Scanlon (2005) Uks 4 leading edu sofware comps owned by foreign multi nats
Pollack (2004) flow of ppl allows comps to by insider know
Cola - Molnar (2005) schools = targeted by private comps bc legit anything assoc w/
Ball - cadbury scheme scrapped - would have to eat 5440 choc bars to for volleyball posts
Beder (2009) UK fams spent £110000 in Tesco to get 1 computer for school