Education Policy Flashcards
1800s
b4 1870 only tiny min recieved formal schooling rich = fee charging gram
Forster Act 1870 ensured state edu avaliable for 5-10s
1880 made edu compul until 10
Fisher Act 1918
schooling compul & free until 14
state = respon for 2ndary edu
edu divided along class lines - fee paying 2ndary system for paying MC
Butler Act 1944
Selection
tripartite system
allocated to school based on perceived abil - all take 11+
gram for bright academic = 20%
sec mod = maj = basic edu X external exams until CSEs
tech - if interested in tech subjects - vocational skills = 5%
Tripartite System
Selection
intended to provide sep but equal types of edu for partic talents
stated all pupils should have equal status w/ equip & staffing quality
in prac X work
Evaluation of Selection
11+ = unreliable use of IQ testing = X good measure of aca abil
process = unfair - denied many pupils access to edu beyond 18
no parity of esteem sec mod schools seen as 2nd best by parents, pupils & employers
soc class divisions
Marketisation
created edu market to improv quality by dec direct state control inc comp between schools & inc parental choice of school
League Tables
pub exam results want to be good so attract parents
cream skimming - top schools can take high ach pupils = MC
silt shifting - top schools can avoid lower ach pupils - lower ranked forced to take
Business Sponsorship
provide resources then can advertise at events
get m £ so have m resources = m appealing to students so then get m formula funding
LEA Control
2010 could opt out of LEA control & = academy
get central gov funding & can control cur
means can comp w/ local schools & provide slightly dif services
Ofsted
gives parent insight into school want high ranking / good report to attract m parents
mod reviews = less accessible to parents not just one word = description
Parentocracy
where parents gave greater choice over school their children attend
Evaluation of Meritocracy
Ball & Whitty - reprod inequal
- league tables & Bartlett - encours cream skimming & silt shifting
- formula funding - pop schools w/ better facs & results get m £ less desireable get less £ X improv
Ball - myth of parentocracy edu system based on idea parents have free choice - choosers Leech & Campos MC can afford to move to catchment for good school
Gerwirtz
priviledged skilled choosers - pro MC p’s - econ & cul cap gain children’s edu cap - take advan of choices & can navi admis - £ pay for transport to better school
disconnected local choosers - WC restricted by econ & cul cap admis = dif safety & facils = m NB than rank X £ for trans
semi skilled choosers - mainly WC but ambitious for children - lack cap & find edu market dif - rely on others ops = frust by inabil to access des school
New Labour & Inequality
(1997-2010)
edu action zones - extra resources
aim higher - raise aspirs of groups underrep in edu
edu maintenance allowance (EMAs) payments to lower backgrounds to encour edu post 16
Crticisms of New Labour
cost of edu - EMAs to help w/ FE but HE = v expensive
grammar & fee paying schools - inequal X abol
marketisation maintains inequal
Academies
Conservative Gov 2010
schools encour to leave LEAs
direct state funding
control cur - some run by priv edu businesses
Free Schools
Conservative Gov 2010
direct state funding
set p by parents etc who = unhappy w/ local edu standards
claim improve stans by removing state control
Allen (2010) research in Sweden = 20% free schools - only ben if from highly edu fam - cause class division
Fragmented Centralisation
Ball
comp system = replaced by diverse provisions by priv comps - led to inequal
cen gov alone has power to allow/require schools to = acas/free schools dec LEAs
Criticisms of Conservative Policy
spending cuts - on school buildings dec by 60%
uni tuition fees x3 - may discourage WC
cutting sure start & EMA limiting WC ops
Hall (2011) sees conserv gov poll as part of march to neo lib rev - acas = example of pub services to priv comps for prof
Types of Privatisation
endogenous - w/in schools - act m like priv business - £ for marketing
exogenous - by priv comps eg Pearson owning Edexcel & make prof
Privitisation
blurring priv/pub - senior offics - HTs - work for priv comps bidding for contracts
glob - priv comps in edu service indust owned by foreign comps, UK comps offer Eng pol like service abroad eg Ofsted inspecs means state less NB in pol providing
cola-isation - priv comps pen edu via vending machines & sponsorship
edu as commodity- Ball priv comps key in shaping edu pol - focused on moving edu services out of pub sector controlled by state to prive comps
Privitisation Evaluation
Buckingham & Scanlon (2005) Uks 4 leading edu sofware comps owned by foreign multi nats
Pollack (2004) flow of ppl allows comps to by insider know
Cola - Molnar (2005) schools = targeted by private comps bc legit anything assoc w/
Ball - cadbury scheme scrapped - would have to eat 5440 choc bars to for volleyball posts
Beder (2009) UK fams spent £110000 in Tesco to get 1 computer for school
Policy on Gender
equal op pols - GIST - girls in Sci & Tech & WISE - Women in Science & Engineer
nat cur - coursework & equal in subjects
impact of feminism
m open HE
Policy on Ethnicity
assimilation - knowl of brit cul to raise ach esp if Eng X 1st lang - but vic blames ignores pov & racism
multi cul edu - promo EMG ach by inc self esteem = misguided X lacking self esteem - Crit race theorists - tokenism & NR - promo divison
Policies to Encourage Social Inclusion
detailed monitoring EMG results
legal duty thro race relations act amendment
help in volun saturday schools for EMGs
Vocationalism 1979
range of pols that targeted needs of econ thro developing courses & youth training schemes to target rapis rise in youth unemploy - paid training on the job whilst going to college
GNVQs 1995 onwards
vocational quals like BTECs delievered in workplace & tried to improve vocation equiv to GCSEs - rebranded as voca GCSEs & A Levels 2001 - catering, sports science health & social care
NVQs 1986 onwards
voca quals to standardise voca quals eg plumbing & electrics
Changes to Post 16 Education
started under New Labour - inc school leaving age - conservs required GCSE eng & maths until ach grade C - impacted num of students in edu & helped problem as inc 15-18 NEET - not in edu / training
