Education Policy Flashcards
1800s
b4 1870 only tiny min recieved formal schooling rich = fee charging gram
Forster Act 1870 ensured state edu avaliable for 5-10s
1880 made edu compul until 10
Fisher Act 1918
schooling compul & free until 14
state = respon for 2ndary edu
edu divided along class lines - fee paying 2ndary system for paying MC
Butler Act 1944
Selection
tripartite system
allocated to school based on perceived abil - all take 11+
gram for bright academic = 20%
sec mod = maj = basic edu X external exams until CSEs
tech - if interested in tech subjects - vocational skills = 5%
Tripartite System
Selection
intended to provide sep but equal types of edu for partic talents
stated all pupils should have equal status w/ equip & staffing quality
in prac X work
Evaluation of Selection
11+ = unreliable use of IQ testing = X good measure of aca abil
process = unfair - denied many pupils access to edu beyond 18
no parity of esteem sec mod schools seen as 2nd best by parents, pupils & employers
soc class divisions
Marketisation
created edu market to improv quality by dec direct state control inc comp between schools & inc parental choice of school
League Tables
pub exam results want to be good so attract parents
cream skimming - top schools can take high ach pupils = MC
silt shifting - top schools can avoid lower ach pupils - lower ranked forced to take
Business Sponsorship
provide resources then can advertise at events
get m £ so have m resources = m appealing to students so then get m formula funding
LEA Control
2010 could opt out of LEA control & = academy
get central gov funding & can control cur
means can comp w/ local schools & provide slightly dif services
Ofsted
gives parent insight into school want high ranking / good report to attract m parents
mod reviews = less accessible to parents not just one word = description
Parentocracy
where parents gave greater choice over school their children attend
Evaluation of Meritocracy
Ball & Whitty - reprod inequal
- league tables & Bartlett - encours cream skimming & silt shifting
- formula funding - pop schools w/ better facs & results get m £ less desireable get less £ X improv
Ball - myth of parentocracy edu system based on idea parents have free choice - choosers Leech & Campos MC can afford to move to catchment for good school
Gerwirtz
priviledged skilled choosers - pro MC p’s - econ & cul cap gain children’s edu cap - take advan of choices & can navi admis - £ pay for transport to better school
disconnected local choosers - WC restricted by econ & cul cap admis = dif safety & facils = m NB than rank X £ for trans
semi skilled choosers - mainly WC but ambitious for children - lack cap & find edu market dif - rely on others ops = frust by inabil to access des school
New Labour & Inequality
(1997-2010)
edu action zones - extra resources
aim higher - raise aspirs of groups underrep in edu
edu maintenance allowance (EMAs) payments to lower backgrounds to encour edu post 16
Crticisms of New Labour
cost of edu - EMAs to help w/ FE but HE = v expensive
grammar & fee paying schools - inequal X abol
marketisation maintains inequal
Academies
Conservative Gov 2010
schools encour to leave LEAs
direct state funding
control cur - some run by priv edu businesses
Free Schools
Conservative Gov 2010
direct state funding
set p by parents etc who = unhappy w/ local edu standards
claim improve stans by removing state control
Allen (2010) research in Sweden = 20% free schools - only ben if from highly edu fam - cause class division
Fragmented Centralisation
Ball
comp system = replaced by diverse provisions by priv comps - led to inequal
cen gov alone has power to allow/require schools to = acas/free schools dec LEAs
Criticisms of Conservative Policy
spending cuts - on school buildings dec by 60%
uni tuition fees x3 - may discourage WC
cutting sure start & EMA limiting WC ops
Hall (2011) sees conserv gov poll as part of march to neo lib rev - acas = example of pub services to priv comps for prof
Types of Privatisation
endogenous - w/in schools - act m like priv business - £ for marketing
exogenous - by priv comps eg Pearson owning Edexcel & make prof
Privitisation
blurring priv/pub - senior offics - HTs - work for priv comps bidding for contracts
glob - priv comps in edu service indust owned by foreign comps, UK comps offer Eng pol like service abroad eg Ofsted inspecs means state less NB in pol providing
cola-isation - priv comps pen edu via vending machines & sponsorship
edu as commodity- Ball priv comps key in shaping edu pol - focused on moving edu services out of pub sector controlled by state to prive comps
Privitisation Evaluation
Buckingham & Scanlon (2005) Uks 4 leading edu sofware comps owned by foreign multi nats
Pollack (2004) flow of ppl allows comps to by insider know
Cola - Molnar (2005) schools = targeted by private comps bc legit anything assoc w/
Ball - cadbury scheme scrapped - would have to eat 5440 choc bars to for volleyball posts
Beder (2009) UK fams spent £110000 in Tesco to get 1 computer for school
Policy on Gender
equal op pols - GIST - girls in Sci & Tech & WISE - Women in Science & Engineer
nat cur - coursework & equal in subjects
impact of feminism
m open HE
Policy on Ethnicity
assimilation - knowl of brit cul to raise ach esp if Eng X 1st lang - but vic blames ignores pov & racism
multi cul edu - promo EMG ach by inc self esteem = misguided X lacking self esteem - Crit race theorists - tokenism & NR - promo divison
Policies to Encourage Social Inclusion
detailed monitoring EMG results
legal duty thro race relations act amendment
help in volun saturday schools for EMGs
