Education - Ethnicity Flashcards
How does material deprivation affect ethnic minority pupils?
Minority groups like Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Black Caribbean are more likely to face poverty due to racism in housing and employment. Palmer (2012): Almost 50% of ethnic minority kids live in low-income homes vs 25% of White kids.
How does racism contribute to material deprivation?
Discrimination in job markets reduces income, increasing poverty. In 2020, Black graduates earned 23% less than White peers with the same degrees (Runnymede Trust).
How do cultural differences in parental attitudes affect achievement?
Asian and Chinese families often promote respect, discipline, and ambition. Lupton: Asian families support school authority. Driver & Ballard: Asian parents are highly involved in education.
How does family structure influence educational outcomes?
New Right thinker Murray claims lone-parent Black families reduce discipline. Criticised as racist. Others argue resilience and ambition still exist despite family type.
What is residual cultural capital?
Ethnic groups may retain high motivation and values despite poverty and racism. Indian and Nigerian pupils often use residual capital to succeed academically.
How does cultural capital affect school choice?
Ball and Gewirtz: White MC parents use capital to choose top schools. Ethnic minority WC parents often lack access or knowledge, limiting choice in marketised systems.
How does government immigration policy impact education?
Immigration policy affects ESOL support and school access. Refugee children face delays and underfunding. Post-Brexit migrants and Windrush children faced disrupted access to education.
What are racialised expectations in school?
Teachers expect Black boys to be aggressive and Asian girls to be passive. Gillborn & Youdell found quicker punishment of Black pupils. Wright found Asian girls were ignored in lessons.
What is the halo effect and how does it relate to race?
Positive assumptions benefit White MC pupils. Minority students are less likely to be assumed capable based on speech, appearance, or demeanour.
How do pupils respond to teacher racism?
Mirza: Black girls had high ambition but avoided teachers due to racism. Fuller: Black girls rejected labels but still worked hard. Resistance can be strategic.
What is institutional racism?
Structural disadvantage built into school systems — from discipline to curriculum and admissions. Gillborn: Racism is “locked-in inequality.”
How does the ethnocentric curriculum disadvantage minorities?
Focuses on White history, literature, and norms. Coard: Black pupils feel inferior. Troyna & Williams: Minority languages and cultures are devalued.
How does racism between pupils impact education?
Name-calling, mocking accents, and microaggressions cause isolation and disengagement. Teachers often ignore peer racism, compounding the harm (Wright).
What are ethnic subcultures and how do they form?
Pupils form subcultures in response to racism. Sewell: Some Black boys form “rebels.” Fuller: Others resist labels without rejecting education. Subcultures reflect strategy or resistance.
What are speech hierarchies and why do they matter?
Schools value Standard English and devalue accents or EAL speech. Gillborn & Mirza: EAL pupils catch up quickly, so speech is not the problem — bias is.
How do schools reward or punish language use?
Nigerian or Caribbean dialects may be mocked or corrected, affecting self-esteem and classroom confidence. Pupils may code-switch to fit in or avoid speaking up.
How does institutional racism link to subject choice and setting?
Minority pupils may be discouraged from taking academic subjects or placed in lower sets. Gillborn: Teachers use perceived behaviour, not ability, to stream.
