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Sociology- Education > Education and policy > Flashcards

Education and policy Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When were Comprehensive schools introduced?

A

1965

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2
Q

When were Academies introduced and under what government?

A

2002

New Labour

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3
Q

What are Free schools and when were they introduced?

A

Funded by state but could be set up like businesses

Choice: own curriculum

2010 - Coalition government

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4
Q

What are Academies?

A

-Publicly funded independent schools.

-Don’t have to follow national curriculum.
Get money directly from the government.

-Can have sponsors which help to improve performance of school.

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5
Q

What are the 3 different schools established as a result of the 1944 Education Act, Tripartite System?

A

Grammar schools: academic education, had to pass 11+ (IQ test) to get in.
(Better school, free, just had to pass test.)

Secondary modern school: less academic than grammar, more emphasis on vocational/ practical subjects.

Technical school: emphasis on technical, vocational skills.

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6
Q

What are some criticisms of the tripartite system?

A
  • The 11+ didn’t truly measure ability, and children were too young for ability to truly be shown
  • Different types of schools were not regarded as having equal status
  • Fewer places were provided for girls that boys in grammar schools
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7
Q

What did the introduction of comprehensive schools intend to do?

A
  1. Break down class divisions- ensuring all were educated

2. Create more equal opportunities

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8
Q

Evaluation of comprehensives?

A
  • Lowered standards by undermining grammar schools
  • most able did not get stretched
  • Comprehensives had poor discipline, which made progress problematic
  • Less successful than grammar schools
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9
Q

Why were Neoliberals in favour of the marketisation of education?

A

It created a market in education (like market for products in private business)

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10
Q

What were the schooling reforms to the 1988 Education Reform Act?

A
  • Formula funding and open enrolment
  • National curriculum
  • Testing and attainment targets
  • Introduction of league tables and regular published inspections
  • Introduction of new types of school
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11
Q

What was formula funding and open enrolment?

aims and criticisms too

A
  • Schools could enrol as many pupils as they wanted.
  • School admissions weren’t controlled by local education authorities (LEA’s)

Created competition to drive up standards

Popular schools were oversubscribed
Schools in middle-class tended to be better working
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12
Q

What was the national curriculum?

aims and criticisms too

A

-Government stipulates most of curriculum content

Ensures basic skills are consistently taught, provides common basis for measuring progress

Restricted choice of subjects
Cultural bias in lack of content

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13
Q

What was testing and attainment targets?

aims and criticisms too

A

-Performance testing introduced at 7, 11, 14 and 16

Provides information at all levels of school education

Amount of testing seen to be too excessive

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14
Q

What was league tables?

aims and criticisms too

A
  • Regularly published inspections
  • Introduced to judge performance of school

Parents can make rational decisions

Schools can attract more able pupils
Tables limited range of outcomes

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15
Q

What was the introduction of new types of schools?

aims and criticisms too

A
  • Existing schools became funded directly by government
  • City technology colleges, partly funded by private sector

Provided more choice and greater variety

Mainly benefited the middle class

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16
Q

What was the 2010-15 Coalition government?

A

Coalition government was formed after 2010 election.

Made up of Conservatives with support of Liberal Democrats.

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17
Q

What was special about the 1997 New Labour party?

A

Neither left wing nor right wing approach, mixed policies from both sides of the spectrum.

18
Q

What did the left wing policies of the New Labour aim to produce?

A

Aim to produce greater equality of opportunity

Social democrats

19
Q

What did the right wing policies of the New Labour aim to produce?

A

Aim to raise standards, competition and choice within education
(New Right)

20
Q

What were the left wing New Labour policies?

A 
Excellence in cities
Sure start
Academies 
EMA (further education expansion)
Expansion of Higher Education
21
Q

Excellence in cities?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUATION

A

Extra resources provided for education in disadvantaged inner-city areas (e.g. learning mentors)

To improve results for disadvantages children

Did not consider material deprivation

22
Q

Sure start?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUATION

A

Provided extra help for pre-school children in deprived areas (e.g. play centres)

Create more equal opportunity, intervening early

Parental engagement was very low

23
Q

Academies?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUATION

A

New schools partly sponsored by businesses
(set up to replace failing comprehensives)

Ensured no child was educated in a very ineffective school

Businesses didn’t understand schools and communities they were working in

24
Q

EMA (Education maintenance allowance?
(New Labour Policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUATION

A

EMA’s provided payments for education after school

EMA’s- reduced drop-out rate

High rates to qualify
Not enough to make a difference

25
Q

Expansion of Higher Education?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUATION

A

Number of places in higher education increased rapidly - nearly doubled between 1990 and 2004

Increased opportunities for people from all class backgrounds particularly working class

Doesn’t mean more places for disadvantaged

26
Q

What were the right wing New Labour policies?

A

Specialist schools
League tables
New Deal for young people
Vocational GCSEs and A-levels

27
Q

What was value added?

A

When schools are judged based on the improvements of each student from A-level

28
Q

Specialist schools?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUTION

A

Schools could specialize in 1 of 10 areas

Increase choice and institutional diversity

Narrowing doors for pupils
Serves needs of capitalism

29
Q

League tables?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUATION

A

Continued to be used with more details published (value added)

Drive up standards by fostering competition
Value added provide fairer measures of school performance

Too focused on league tables
Teach to the exam

30
Q

New Deal for young people?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUTION

A

Provided education, training, voluntary work for unemployed young people

Prevent young people in long-term unemployment

Requited engagement
Low end jobs with low pay
Capitalism

31
Q

Vocational GCSE’s and A-levels?
(New Labour policy)

SUMMARY, AIMS, EVALUATION

A

NVQ’s changed into vocational GCSE’s and A-levels

Improve status of vocational qualifications

Still viewed as less academic

32
Q

What were the 3 Liberal Democrat influenced policies in the 2010 Coalition government?

A

Pupil premium: extra money sent to schools based on number of free school meals

Free school meals: for children up to year 2

Tuition fee loans: only repayable once graduates earned £21000

33
Q

What were the 6 Conservative influence policies in the 2010 Coalition government?

A

Academies: encouraged all school

Free schools: funded by state but set up by anyone

National curriculum: made more traditional in secondary

A-levels: made tougher with fewer resit opportunities

EBACC: another option of study

34
Q

Evaluation of Coalition government policies?

A
  • Heavily criticised by Labour, teachers unions
  • Policies increased social class education divide
  • Cutting support for poorer students- attainment gap rose slightly
35
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Process where different parts of the world become less isolated and more interconnected so that individual countries are less self-contained

36
Q

How will globalisation impact education systems?

A
  • Need to produce workers to compete in the international world
  • Heavier focus on equality
  • Harmonisation across countries
  • Raise standards of education- direct competition
37
Q

How has globalisation affected education in the UK?

A

More similar education systems throughout the world

Educational policies increasingly designed to produce workers who can compete in global economy.

38
Q

Why would marketisation policies produce inequality of educational achievement between social classes?

A

Slit-shifting: successful schools can avoid taking less able (W/C) pupils

Schools can establish own catchment area, M/C can afford to move into area

Cream-skimming: successful schools can attract higher achievers (M/C)

Parental choice of school: M/C can use cultural capital to make more successful choices

39
Q

What is the term used to refer to parents having more choice over which school to send their children to?

A

Parentocracy

40
Q

How many state schools were academies by 2015

A

60% schools were academies

41
Q

What are policies that support the marketisation of education?

A

Publication of League tables

Ofsted inspections that rank schools

Business sponsorship of school

Open enrolement

Specialist schools

42
Q

Who suggests that there needs to be greater focus on vocational education so that students are more prepared for the world of work?

A

New Right

Sociology- Education (7 decks)

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