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Sociology Alevel > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Functionalists of Education

A

Durkheim
Parsons
Davis and Moore

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2
Q

Name the Marxists of Education

A

Althusser
Bowles and Gintis
Willis

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3
Q

Name the Feminists of Education

A

Heaton and Lawson
Kelly
Walby

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4
Q

Name The New Right of Education

A

Thatcher
Buchannon and Tullock
Murray

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5
Q

Name the Postmodernists of Education

A

Beck
Usher
John Lee

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6
Q

Explain the Functionalist Durkheim’s theory of Education

A

Social solidarity through shared heritage taught in history

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7
Q

Explain the Functionalist Parson’s theory of education

A

School acts as a bridge from childhood to adulthood. Helps to learn the value of hard work

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8
Q

Explain the Functionalist Davis and Moore’s theory of education

A

School is used for role allocation. Failure in school separates the most able from the least able and sorts them into jobs

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9
Q

Explain the Marxist Althusser’s theory

A

School is a type of ideological control. It makes us believe that our failure is our fault and we don’t question society

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10
Q

Explain the Marxist Bowles and Gintis’ theory

A

School teaches the hidden curriculum

  • Hierarchy - teacher and pupil = boss and employee
  • Extrinsic Rewards - hard work and good grades = hard work and good wages
  • Conformity - break the rules means expulsion = break the rules means sac
  • Competition - top set means best grades = promotion means best pay
  • Docile Daydreamers - school work is boring/tedious = adult work is boring/tedious
  • Division of Skills - skills are divided by subjects = skills are divided by different tasks in job
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11
Q

Explain the Marxist Willis’ theory of education

A

W/C boys rebelled against Capitalism by rejecting school - not working/attending and mocking those who did

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12
Q

Explain the Feminist Heaton and Lawson’s theory of education

A

Schools teach the patriarchal hidden curriculum

  • Books - use gendered language
  • Students - boys take up more time/attention
  • Teachers expectations - boys asked to do more physical jobs e.g. moving furniture
  • Curriculum - boys more dominant in sport. Male history/english taught more
  • Lack of positive role models - more female teachers but more male head teachers
  • Discrimination - 11+ exam pass rate was lower for boys than it was for girls
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13
Q

Explain the Feminist Walby’s theory

A

All women have a different experience of education depending on their class and ethnicity

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14
Q

Explain the Feminist Kelly’s theory

A

Gendered language in books - women mostly invisible in science/maths/IT text books

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15
Q

Explain the New Right Buchanan and Tullock’s theory of education

A

Schools should give parents more choice over what type of education they receive e.g. having academies, grammar and faith schools as a choice

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16
Q

Explain the New Right Thatcher’s theory

A

Parentocracy - creating competition between schools in order to raise standards

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17
Q

Explain the New Right Murray’s theory

A

The underclass

  • Welfare allows the nuclear family to break apart
  • Single mothers can’t raise children effectively
  • Children are poorly socialised and grow up without working values therefore fail in school
  • Schools should address poor socialisation
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18
Q

Give an evaluation of Durkiheim’s theory

A

Ignores cultural diversity

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19
Q

Give an evaluation of Parson’s theory

A

Ignores those who don’t successfully make the transition - NEETs

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20
Q

Give an evaluation of Davis and Moore’s theory

A

Nurses don’t need the highest grades but still perform an important job

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21
Q

Give an evaluation of Althusser’s theory

A

Some people challenge education

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22
Q

Give an evaluation of Bowles and Gintis’ theory

A

Some are outdated, docile daydreamers - art subjects challenge this

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23
Q

Give an evaluation of Willis’ theory

A

This made them perfect for low skilled/low paid, boring/tedious work because they were unskilled and were used to being bored at school - they expected the same from work

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24
Q

Give an evaluation of Heaton and Lawson’s theory

A

Could be outdated - schools are less sexist with more women in top jobs now

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25
Q

Give an evaluation of Walby’s theory

A

Includes all girls

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26
Q

Give an evaluation of Kelly’s theory

A

Could be outdated, girls are more encouraged into STEM subjects

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27
Q

Give an evaluation of Buchanan and Tullock’s theory

A

Inevitable that the less popular schools will get left behind

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28
Q

Give an evaluation of Thatcher’s theory

A

Less funded schools will fall apart and close down

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29
Q

Give an evaluation of Murray’s theory

A

Makes unfair assumptions on women

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30
Q

Name the out of school factors of differential attainment of class

A

Material factors

Cultural factors - cultural deprivation, cultural capital

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31
Q

Name the in school factors of differential attainment of class

A

Anti-school subcultures

Labelling

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32
Q

Name the sociologists of material factors of class

A

Smith and Noble
Howard
Reay

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33
Q

Name the sociologists of cultural capital of class

A

Bourdieu
Bernstein
Ball et al

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34
Q

Name the sociologists of cultural deprivation of class

A

Doulas
Sugarman
Murray

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35
Q

Name the sociologists of anti-school subcultures of class

A

Willis
Keddie
Lacey

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36
Q

Name the sociologists of labelling of class

A

Becker

Keddie

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37
Q

Explain Smith and Noble’s theory

A

If a family can’t afford uniforms/trips etc this can lead to bullying, leading to the child not wanting to attend school and receiving low grades due to this

At home - if a family can’t afford computers/books/a well heated house it can lead to less homework being done and lower grades

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38
Q

Explain Howard’s theory

A

If families can’t afford healthy food cheap food often has less nutrients in it, meaning they’ll be more likely to get ill = low attendance and low grades and they’ll have lower concentration levels = low grades

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39
Q

Explain Reay’s theory

A

W/C students less likely to go to uni due to money, they would have to work in order to get by meaning they will have less time/energy for studying

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40
Q

Explain Bourdieu’s theory

A

M/C activities e.g. politics shows/museums/holiday homes means students do better in school as they are more cultures

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41
Q

Explain Bernstein’s theory

A

M/C students have a better access to the elaborated language code due to their upbringing

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42
Q

Explain Douglas’ theory

A

W/C parents have less interest in their child’s education and this is demotivating to child e.g. they’re less likely to turn up to parents evening

43
Q

Explain Sugarman’s theory

A

The W/C want instant gratification meaning they won’t put the work in for high grades whereas M/C have deferred gratification so do better

44
Q

Explain Ball et al’s theory

A

M/C parents ‘play the game’ (being overly nice to teachers) so their child is more likely to succeed

45
Q

Explain Murray’s cultural deprivation theory

A

Due to welfare to nuclear family can break apart, single mothers can’t raise their children correctly leading them to lack working values and won’t try in school

46
Q

Explain Becker’s labelling theory

A

Teachers perceive the perfect pupil as M/C. This becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy for W/C as they believe they can’t do well so don’t

47
Q

Explain Keddie’s labelling theory

A

Setting and streaming - putting W/C students in bottom sets makes them believe they can’t do well and becomes as self-fulfilling prophecy

48
Q

Explain Willis’ theory

A

W/C boys reject the education system as they believe they’re being indoctrinated by capitalism, this creates hatred in school and creates anti-school subcultures

49
Q

Explain Keddie’s anti-school subcultures theory

A

Setting and steaming - causes hatred in school as they can’t do well

50
Q

Give an evaluation of Smith and Noble’s theory

A

Less likely to occur as pupil premium now exists

51
Q

Give an evaluation of Howard’s theory

A

Less likely to occur as free school meals mean children can still eat healthily

52
Q

Give an evaluation of Reay’s theory

A

Less likely to be a problem now government grants exist

53
Q

Give an evaluation of Bourdieu’s theory

A

Sullivan’s study supports this as she found that students are more successful if they do M/C activities like reading extensive fiction books

54
Q

Give an evaluation of Bernstein’s theory

A

This is true as exam questions use the elaborated language code, making it harder for W/C students

55
Q

Give an evaluation of Murray’s theory

A

Makes unfair assumptions of women

56
Q

Give an evaluation of Sugarman’s theory

A

Assumes all W/C have the same values, ignores W/C who achieve highly

57
Q

Give an evaluation of Douglas’ theory

A

Ignores parents with jobs and single parents with children to care for

58
Q

Give an evaluation of Becker’s theory

A

Ignores the initial act of defiance - why did the label occur

59
Q

Give an evaluation of Keddie’s theory

A

Ignores you can reject your label

60
Q

Give an evaluation of Willis’ theory

A

Outdated - class is less relevant now

61
Q

Name the out of school factors of differential attainment of gender

A

The family structure
Changing aspirations
Social policies

62
Q

Name the in school factors of differential attainment of gender

A

Labelling
Lack of role models
Changes in the curriculum

63
Q

Explain Sue Sharpe’s theory

A

Changing aspirations - girls now want careers instead of just marriage/children

64
Q

Explain McRobbie’s theory

A

Parents sharing house work duties and child care shows girls that this isn’t just their role and can have careers too

65
Q

Explain the social policy the equal pay act and how this affects differential attainment of gender

A

Equal pay for the genders means girls have more motivation to have a career and do well in school

66
Q

Explain Epstein’s theory

A

If boys participate in class/get high grades they are more likely to get labelled and bullied by other boys so they don’t try as hard to avoid this

67
Q

Explain Swann’s theory

A

Boys get negatively labelled by teachers due to stereotypes of their bad behaviour, leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy

68
Q

Explain Mitsos and Browne’s theory

A

Girls mature quicker than boys and are able to concentrate for longer, therefore they succeed better in coursework

69
Q

Explain Heaton and Lawson’s theory of in school factors

A

There are more female teachers but more male head teachers, makes girls believe they can’t be in charge

70
Q

Name the sociologists of out of school factors of gender

A

McRobbie
Sue Sharpe
Equal Pay Act

71
Q

Name the sociologists of in school factors of gender

A

Swann
Epstein
Mitsos and Browne
Heaton and Lawson

72
Q

Name the in school factors of differential attainment for ethnicity

A

Labelling
Anti-school subcultures
Ethno-centric curriculum

73
Q

Name the out of school factors of differential attainment for ethnicity

A

Material factors
Cultural deprivation
Cultural capital

74
Q

Name the sociologists of labelling for ethnicity

A

Becker

Gillborn

75
Q

Name the sociologists of anti-school subcultures for ethnicity

A

Gillborn

Willis

76
Q

Name the sociologists of the ethno-centric curriculum

77
Q

Name the sociologists of cultural deprivation for ethnicity

A

Murray
Douglas
Sugarman

78
Q

Name the sociologists of cultural capital for ethnicity

A

Bernstein
Bourdieu
Ball et al

79
Q

Name the sociologists of material factors for ethnicity

A

Smith and Noble
Rex
Noon

80
Q

Explain how Becker’s theory links to ethnicity

A

Teachers perfect student is white M/C

81
Q

Explain Gillborn’s theory for ethnicity

A

Teachers stereotype BME through the media which leads to negative labelling

82
Q

Explain how Gillborn’s theory links to anti-school subcultures for ethnicity

A

The labels lead to the student hating school

83
Q

Explain how Willis’ theory links to ethnicity

A

Ethnic minority students are more likely to be W/C

84
Q

Explain Tickley’s theory

A

Only the negative aspects of black culture is taught - slavery

85
Q

Give an evaluation of Tickley’s theory

A

Policies like Equal Act to Promotion aim to create more role models in school for BME

86
Q

Give an evaluation of Gillborn’s theory

A

Systems like Offsted stop schools from being institutionally racist

87
Q

Explain how Murray’s theory links to ethnicity

A

He said the underclass is more likely to be BME

88
Q

Explain how Douglas’s theory links to ethnicity

A

You’re more likely to be W/C if you’re from an ethnic minority

89
Q

Explain how Sugarman’s theory links to ethnicity

A

You’re more likely to be W/C if you’re from an ethnic minority

90
Q

Explain how Bernstein’s theory links to ethnicity

A

If English isn’t your first language you don’t have access to the elaborated language code

91
Q

Give an evaluation of Bernstein’s theory linked to ethnicity

A

Systems have been put in place to take this into account with exam marking

92
Q

Explain how Bourdieu’s theory links to ethnicity

A

You’re more likely to be W/C if you’re from an ethnic minority

93
Q

Explain how Ball’s theory links to ethnicity

A

You’re more likely to be W/C if you’re from an ethnic minority

94
Q

Explain Rex’s theory

A

Racial discrimination leads to social exclusion meaning it is harder to get top jobs and be more vulnerable to material deprivation

95
Q

Explain Noon’s theory

A

He sent identical CV’s out to different company’s applying for jobs but changed the names so that it would suggest a persons ethnicity and found that employers are more interested in white candidates. This shows ethnic minorities struggle to get jobs and are more vulnerable to material deprivation

96
Q

Explain how Smith and Noble’s theory links to ethnicity

A

Ethnic minorities are more likely to experience material deprivation

97
Q

Explain the meaning of meritocracy (15)

A

Davis and Moore
Saunders
Parsons

98
Q

The meaning of anti-school and pro-school subcultures (15)

A

Willis
Gillborn
Becker

99
Q

Explain the meaning of parentocracy (15)

A

Buchanan and Tullock
Thatcher
Chubb and Moe

100
Q

Explain Chubb and Moe’s theory

A

Marketisation - state schools fail students, we should make schools parent funded so that they have to run with parents in mind

101
Q

Give an evaluation of Epstein’s theory

A

Only focuses on W/C boys

102
Q

Give an evaluation of Swann’s theory

A

Not a generalisable study - only based on one school

103
Q

Give an evaluation of Mitsos and Browne’s theory

A

Even after coursework has been reduced girls are achieving higher than boys

104
Q

Give an evaluation of Sue Sharpe’s theory

A

Backed up by schemes like GIST and WISE that encourage girls into science and technology subjects

Sociology Alevel (7 decks)

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