Education Flashcards
What is cultural deprivation
When students lack the ‘cultural equipment’ to do well in school.
E.g language and reasoning skils
What are the 3 main external factors that impact achievement
Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Cultural capital
What are the 3 main aspects to cultural deprivation
Language subculture
Parents education
Working class
Who came up with speech codes
Bernstein
What are the 2 different types of speech codes and who uses them
Restricted - Used by Working class. It is limited vocab
Elaborated - Used by middle class. It has wider vocab
Who looked at the idea of parental education
Douglas and Feinstein
What did Douglas find
Working class parents placed less value on education
E.g They give less encouragement, They visited less schools
What did Feinstein find
He argues middle-class parents have better education and place more positivity on education
What are the 4 ways middle-class parents create positivity for education
- Parenting style
- Parents educational behaviours
- Use of income
- Class, income and parental education
What is a subculture
A group whose attitudes and values differ from the mainstream culture
Who looked at subcultures
Sugarman
What were Sugarman’s 4 key beliefs for the working class
- Fatalism
- Present-time orientation
- Collectivism
- Immediate gratification
What is compensatory education
Programmes that aim to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources
Examples of compensatory education
Sesame street
Sure start
What is material deprivation
Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as housing and income
What are the 4 aspects of material deprivation
- Housing
- Diet and health
- Financial support and cost of education
- Fear of debt
What are the direct effects of housing on achievement
Overcrowding
Development can be impaired
What are the indirect effects of housing on achievement
Impact child’s health
Greater risk of accidents
All lead to absence from school
Who looked at diet and health
Howard
What did Howard find out about diet and health
Children from poorer homes are more likely to have emotional and behavioural problems. As they have lower intakes of energy and vitamins
Who looked at financial support and cost of education
Tanner
What did Tanner find for the financial support and cost of education
Cost of transport, books etc place a heavy burden on poor families
Who looked at the fear of debt
Callendar and Jackson
What did Callendar and Jackson find looking at the fear of debt
Working class students are more debt averse (they saw it as a negative).
They saw more costs than benefits to going to university
What is cultural capital
Refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language and abilities of the middle class
Who looked at cultural capital
Bourdieu
What is said about economic and educational capital
That economic, educational and cultural capital can be converted into one another
What survey did Sullivan conduct
Used questionnaires with 465 pupils in 4 schools and asked them questions about reading and TV viewing.
Read complex fiction - greater cultural capital
What are the 5 main internal factors that impact achievement
- Labelling
- SFP
- Streaming
- Pupil subcultures
- Pupil’s class identities and the school
Who came up with the labelling theory
Becker
What did Becker find when looking at labelling
Middle-class pupils were seen as the ideal pupil
Whereas working-class students were regarded as being badly behaved
What were the two labels given to primary school kids (Rist)
The tigers - fast learners
The clowns and cardinals - lower ability
What is a SFP
A predication that comes true
What is the process of a sfp
- Teacher labels the pupil
- Teacher treats student accordingly
- Pupil internalises the concept
What was Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment
Picked 20% of students and labelled them ‘spurters’. 47% of them made significant progress
Who came up with streaming and the A-C economy
Gillbourn and Youdell
What did Gillbourn and Youdell find about streaming
Teachers place working-class pupils in lower sets which means they come out with lower GCSE grades
Who looked at pupil subcultures
Lacey
What is differentiation
The process in which teachers categorise pupils according to ability
What is polarisation
The process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite poles
What are the two types of subcultures Lacey found
Pro-school - they enjoy school and gain status from education
Anti-school - They dont approve of school. Gain status from breaking rules
What are the two things that Archer found
Symbolic capital - popularity
Symbolic violence - going against symbolic capital
What is a nike identity
Working class pupils create their own status by constructing class identities for themselves
What are the 3 external factors which impact ethnic differences in achievement
Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Racism
What are the 3 aspects of cultural deprivation
Linguistic skills
Attitudes and values
Family structure
Who looked at linguistic skills and what did they find
Bereiter and Englemann
- They found that language spoken by low income, black American families is inadequate for educational success
What was found about attitudes and values
Lack of motivation is a major cause of the failure of many black children
They are socialised into subcultures that don’t value education and instead should ‘live for today’
What does attitude and values link to
Sugarman’s theory of present time orientation
Who looked at family structure and what did they find
Pryce
- Black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism
- Leading to low self-esteem
What did Sewell say about Fathers, gangs and culture
-It isn’t the absence of a father, its the lack of ‘tough love’
-Many black boys are subject to peer group pressure. Speaking in standard english and doing well was suspicious
What did Sewell find about Asian families
They have the ‘Asian work ethic’ where they place high emphasis on education
What did Palmer find when looking at material deprivation
Ethnic minorities are x3 more likely to be homeless
Why is this happening (Palmer and material deprivation)
- Cultural factors stop women from going to work
- Many live in economically depressed areas
Who looked at racism in wider society
Wood et al
What was Wood et al’s experiment
- Sent 3 closely matched job applications to 1000 job vacancies
- 1 application (white person)
- 2 applications (ethnic minorities)
- Found only 1 in 16 EM applications received an interview
- Compared to 1 in 9 ‘white’ applications
What are the 3 internal factors
Labelling
Identities
Responses
Who looked at labelling and teacher racism and what did they find
Gillborn and Youdell
- Teachers are quicker to discipline black pupils as they expected black pupils to present more behaviour problems
- Black students have negative stereotypes which could lead to them being put in lower sets
Who looked at pupil identities and what are the 3 types
Archer
- Ideal pupil - white, middle class, male
- Pathologised pupil -asian, female, hardworker
- Demonised pupil - black or what working class, unintelligent
What are the 4 types of responses Sewell found in boys
- Rebels - reject rules of the school
- Conformists - keen to succeed
- Retreatists - disconnected from school and subcultures
- Innovators - pro education but anti school
What are the 5 types of institutional racism
- Marketisation and segregation
- Ethnocentric curriculum
- Assessment
- Access to opportunities
- The ‘New IQism’
Who looked at Marketisation and segregation and what did they find
Moore and Davenport
- Selection can lead to ethnic segregation
- Leads to an ethnically stratified education system
Who looked at history and what did they say
Ball
- The National Curriculum over looks ethnic diversity and ignores the history of black and asian people
Who looked at assessments and what did they find
Gillborn
- Assessment is fixed to maintain dominant culture’s superiority
What were the two programmes which associated with access to opportunities and who looked at them each
- The ‘Gifted and Talented’ programme - Gillborn (whites are 5x more likely to be identified as talented and gifted)
- Exam Tiers - Tikley et al (Aiming Higher initiative was introduced to raise black caribbean achievement)
Who looked at the ‘New IQism’ and what did they find
Gillborn
- Teachers make false assumptions about the nature of pupil’s “ability” or “potential”
- There is no genuine measure of “potential” - all a test does is measure what someone has learnt so far
What are the 4 external factors that impact girl’s achievement
- Impact of feminism
- Changes in the family
- Changes in women’s employment
- Girl’s changing attitudes
Who looked at the impact of feminism and what did they do
McRobbie
- Looked at magazines from the 1970s and 1990s
- 1970s - emphasises the importance of marriage
-1990s - portrayed strong independent women
What was found in the changes in the family that impacts girl’s achievement
Increase in divorce rates, have meant women have become more independent and don’t rely on the husband
This gives girl’s a positive role model to look up to
What was found in the changes in women’s employment that impacts girl’s achievement
Some women are breaking through the “glass ceiling”
Who looked at Girl’s changing attitudes and what did they do
Sharpe
- Interviewed girls in the 1970’s and 1990’s and saw a shift in how the girl’s view their future
-1970’s - girls had low aspirations and prioritised love
-1990’s - girls prioritised their career
What are the 6 internal factors that impact girl’s achievement
- Equal opportunities policies
- Positive role models
- GCSE and coursework
- Teacher attention
5.Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum - Selection and league tables
Who looked at GCSE and coursework for girl’s achievement and what did they find
Gorard
-Girls do better as there is an increase in oral exams as girls have usually developed better language skills
Who looked at teacher attention for girl’s achievement and what did they find
Francis
- Boys were disciplined more harshly and felt picked on by teachers
Who looked at selection and league tables and what did they find
Jackson
- High achieving girls are attractive to schools, whereas low achieving boys are not
What are the two types of feminists
Liberal
Radical
What do liberal feminists say
They celebrate the progress so far regarding girl’s achievement
What do radical feminists say
They believe that girl’s are achieving more however it is still a very patriarchal system
What are Archers 3 strategies the girls adopted
- Hyper-heterosexual feminine identity
- Having a boyfriend
- Being loud
What are the 2 external factors that impact boys achievement
1.Boys and literacy
2. Globalisation and the decline of traditional men’s jobs
What was found with boys and literacy
-They lack ‘bedroom culture’
- Mothers spend less time reading with their sons
What was found with globalisation and the decline of traditional men’s jobs
- Boys don’t pass their GCSE’s, Alevels etc as they feel they haven’t got any opportunities anymore
- Industries are now cheaper in places like China
What are the 3 internal factors which impact boy’s achievement
- Feminisation of education
- Shortage of male primary school teachers
- “Laddish subcultures”
Who looked at the feminisation of education and what did they find
Sewell
- School’s don’t nurture “masculine” traits such as competitiveness
Who looked at laddish subcultures and what did they find
Epstein
- Working class boys are more likely to be labelled as sissies
- Working class boys reject schoolwork, as it doesn’t contain manual work etc
What are the 4 explanations of gender differences in subject choice
- Gender role socialisation
- Gendered subject choices
- Gender identity and peer pressure
- Gendered career opportunities
What did Byrne say about gender role socialisation
Teachers encourage boys to be ‘tough’, show initiative and not to be weak
What did Kelly say about gendered subject choices
Science is seen as a more male subject for a number of reasons;
Science teachers are mainly men
What did Paechter say about gender identity and peer pressure
Sport is seen as a ‘male dominant’ subject, therefore girls who are ‘sporty’ have to cope with the image that goes against the original stereotype
What is said about gendered career opportunities
Employment is highly gendered
Women are concentrated in a narrow range of occupations
Vocational courses are more gender-specific
What did Lees say about double standards
Boys and girls have different standards, so are treated differently
What did Lees find about verbal abuse
Boys called girls ‘slags’ if they appeared sexually available, and ‘drags’ if they didn’t
What did Mac an Ghail find out about the male gaze
It’s the way male pupils and teachers look girls up and down, seeing them as sexual objects
What is said about teachers and discipline
Boys are seen to be disciplined more than girls
Male teachers have a positive impact on boys
What did Willis find out about male peer groups
Boys in anti-school subcultures who wanted to do well were labelled as gay
What was found about female peer groups
Girls only cared for popularity, they saw that as the ideal
What were the educational policies before 1888
- There were no state schools
- Education was only available to a minority of the population
- Schooling was made compulsory in 1880
What was the tripartite system and who came up with it - 1944 education act
Conservatives
- Grammar schools
- Secondary modern schools
- Technical schools
What was the comprehensive system and who came up with it - 1965
Labour government
- Aimed to overcome the class divide
- All pupils in one area would attend
- Tried to make the education system more meritocratic
What was the 3 types of selection
- Ability
- Aptitude
- Faith
What was the new vocationalism and who came up with it - 1979-1997
Conservative government
- Aimed to deal with youth unemployment
- Gives adequate preparation for work
What was the education reform act and who came up with it - 1988
Conservative government
- Marketisation has created an ‘education market’
- Parentocracy - means where parents have all the control
What are policies that promote marketisation
- Funding formula
- National curriculum
- League tables and Ofsted
What is cream skimming and silt-shifting
- Cream skimming - “good” schools have more selection and gain high achieving pupils
- Silt-shifting - “good” schools can avoid taking less able pupils who are likely to get low results
What are the 3 types of parental choosers
- Privileged-skilled choosers
- Disconnected-local choosers
- Semi-skilled choosers
What did the New Labour say about inequality - 1997-2010
- Education Action Zones
- Aim Higher Programmes
- Introduced National Literacy Strategy
What did the Coalition Government look at - 2010 - 2015
-Academies - went from state schools, were out sourced to larger companies and are ran by them (gov isn’t involved)
-Free schools - set up and run by parents, teachers or businesses
What policies were introduced by the conservative government - 2015+
- Funding cuts for schools
- Increasing number of grammar schools
- Introduce T-levels
- Grading system at GCSE shifted to a 1-9 system
What is the privatisation of education
Involves the transfer of public assets, such as schools to private companies
Who came up with Endogenous and Exogenous privatisation
Ball and Youdell
What is Endogenous privatisation
Involves privatisation from within the education system
Schools with this operate more as a private business
What is Exogenous privatisation
Involves privatisation from the outside
e.g Global, private exam boards
What is the cola-isation of schools
Private sector penetrates schools indirectly e.g vending machines in schools
Examples of globalisation and education
Pearson
- It started as a construction business in the 1840’s but switched to publishing in the 1920’s
2 ways globalisation has impacted educational policy
- Privatisation and marketisation of education
- International comparisons
What are the 2 functionalist perspectives
- Social solidarity - population working together
- Teaching specialist skills - skills and knowledge needed for the workplace
What is organic analogy
The body is society and we are the organs
We have to work together in order for society to work
What did parson say about secondary socialisation
- Particularistic standards - status given by parents - treated differently
- Universalistic standards - status given by school - treated the same
What did Parson say about meritocracy
We all have the same access to opportunity and you are rewarded through your own efforts and ability
What did Davis and Moore find out about with role allocation
The role students get in life from their abilities and qualifications
What is the marxist view based on
Based on class division and capitalist exploitation.
Made up of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
What did Althusser find
- Repressive state apparatus - maintain rules by force or threat of it
- Ideological state apparatus - controlling people’s ideas, values and beliefs
What were the two things Bowles and Gintis found
- Correspondence principle
- Hidden curriculum
What is the postmodernist view based on
Based on individualism
How has the postmodernist view influenced our current system
- Multitude of different qualifications
- Customised schools
- Increased in adult education
