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NEW AQA Sociology Shortened Cards at PHS > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three main functions of education according to Talcott Parsons?

A

Socialisation, Economic and Selection

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2
Q

What is the difference between setting and streaming?

A

Setting is subject specific whereas streaming is across all subjects.

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3
Q

Who argued that working class parents have lower aspirations for their children?

A

Douglas

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4
Q

In what three ways does Giroux criticised the Marxist approach to education?

A

Working class are not passive, schools are sites of ideological struggle, the education system has relative autonomy.

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5
Q

What is another name for the neo-liberal perspective on education?

A

New Right

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6
Q

What are the three main characteristics of an anti-school subculture?

A

Non-conformity to school rules, negative attitude towards teachers, lower educational achievement.

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7
Q

What are the two main external factors which lead to difference in educational achievement according to class?

A

Cultural and Material

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8
Q

Who is associated with the principal of the correspondence principal?

A

Bowles and Gintis

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9
Q

What are the 5 male subcultures according to Mac an Ghaill?

A

Academic Achievers, Macho Lads, New Enterprisers, Real Englishmen, Gay Students.

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10
Q

Which government policy introduced the national curriculum?

A

1988 Education Reform Act

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11
Q

What are the two main internal factors influencing subject choice?

A

Gendered subject image, Peer Pressure.

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12
Q

Which perspective suggests that the government should make more opportunities for society to be more equal and meritocratic.

A

Social Democratic Perspective.

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13
Q

What was the purpose of the New Labour Policy New Deal for Young People?

A

To prevent young people from joining the ranks of the unemployed after leaving school.

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14
Q

What are the four internal factors which affect differential educational achievement?

A

Labelling, Self Fulfilling Prophecy, Streaming and Subcultures.

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15
Q

Which report felt that socio-economic factors were the main factors in underachievement in Afro-Caribbean Pupils?

A

Swan Report

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16
Q

What phrase does Althusser use to describe institution such as education?

A

Ideological State Apparatus

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17
Q

Who argues that education doesn’t sift and sort but rather leads to cultural reproduction?

A

Bourdieu

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18
Q

Who suggests that there needs to be greater focus on vocational education so that students are more prepared for the world of work?

A

New Right

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19
Q

What is the term used to refer to parents having more choice over which school to send their children to?

A

Parentocracy

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20
Q

What is meant by the term educational triage?

A

The rationing of educational resources, with extra resources being aimed at those on the CD borderline.

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21
Q

Who argues that the ethnocentric curriculum is evidence of institutional racism in education?

A

Coard

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22
Q

What two external factors are suggested to explain underachievement of boys?

A

Lack of literacy skills, crisis of masculinity.

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23
Q

What are the 4 main ways of grouping students in schools?

A

Mixed Ability, setting, streaming and in class groups

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24
Q

What did Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?

A

Middle class language, values and skills which are rewarded by the education system.

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25
Q

Give one example of material deprivation which can affect educational achievement other than lack of resources.

A

Poor Diet, Crowded living, unable to afford tutors.

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26
Q

Who studied girls’ aspirations in the 1970’s and in the 1990’s and found there had been a significant shift in priorities?

A

Sue Sharpe.

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27
Q

What are the 4 Afro-Caribbean subcultures outlined in Sewell’s Study?

A

Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Rebels

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28
Q

What did Parsons mean by Particularistic values?

A

The ways that a child is treated as an individual in the home.

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29
Q

Who completed a study looking at anti-school subcultures in boys called ‘Learning to labour’?

A

Paul Willis

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30
Q

What is the correspondence principal?

A

The idea that the education system mirrors the world of work in a number of ways.

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31
Q

What is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

When a student lives up to the label given to them by the teacher or school

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32
Q

What is material deprivation?

A

When a student is unable to access the basic necessities to help with academic success such as revision materials or a place to study.

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33
Q

What are the four main values that Sugarman suggested working class students are socialised into that prevent educational success?

A

Fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism.

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34
Q

What are the three elements of the tripartite education system?

A

Grammar Schools, Secondary Moderns, Technical Schools.

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35
Q

What did Bernstein mean by elaborate code of language?

A

Longer more complicated sentences which make meaning explicit.

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36
Q

What is GIST?

A

Girls in Science and Technology –a government policy to encourage girls in to more traditionally male subjects.

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37
Q

What is the Halo Effect?

A

When a pupil is stereotyped from a first impression as being good/bad or thick/bright.

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38
Q

Who suggested that education ‘sifts and sorts’ people into appropriate roles in society?

A

Davis and Moore

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39
Q

Identify two ways that schools reflect the world of work.

A

Uniforms, hierarchy, routine, boredom, discipline.

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40
Q

Who criticises cultural deprivation theory as being victim blaming?

A

Keddie

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41
Q

Identify one example showing that schools are becoming more customised?

A

Faith Schools, Free Schools, Specialised Schools, Virtual Schools

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42
Q

How would radical feminists like to see the education system structured?

A

Single Sex

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43
Q

What does CTC stand for?

A

City Technical College

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44
Q

What is meant by the term cultural deprivation?

A

Pupils are denied the cultural experiences that are necessary to do well at school?

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45
Q

What did Bernstein mean by restricted code of language?

A

A form of short hand speech which meaning is not explicit but implied.

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46
Q

According to JWB Douglas’s study which of the classes are deprived of parental support?

A

Working Class

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47
Q

What does Durkheim believe the main role of education is?

A

The teaching of social norms and values and to help create social cohesion.

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48
Q

Who found that teachers tend to racialize expectations of pupils?

A

Gillbourn and Youdell

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49
Q

What is meant by the term compensatory education?

A

Policies which give working class and ethnic minority students extra help in order to make up for poo socialisation.

50
Q

What is a meritocratic education?

A

Education systems which ensures that people are given the right jobs and rewarded for working hard.

51
Q

Who argues that marketisation was a good way to improve school standards?

A

Chubb and Moe

52
Q

What is meant by vocational education?

A

Courses which are linked to a specific job/career

53
Q

Which perspective believes that the way a teacher interacts with a pupil affects the pupil’s education?

A

Interactionists

54
Q

What is the Hidden Curriculum?

A

The untaught lessons such as punctuality and team work.

55
Q

Which perspective suggests that education has moved from one size fits all to a more diverse system that reflects the changing economy?

A

Postmodernism

56
Q

What is meant by internal factors in educational achievement?

A

Factors relating to what is happening within the educational system.

57
Q

Who argued the black boys underachieve do to a lack of male role models at home?

A

Murray

58
Q

What are the four external factors that attempt to explain the gender gap in education?

A

Feminism, changing priorities, changes in the family, changes in employment.

59
Q

What is meant by ascribed status?

A

Status that is given to someone on the basis of birth, biology or family characteristics.

60
Q

What is meant by the term meritocracy?

A

Achievement is based on hard work, talent and perseverance.

61
Q

Who said that black girls often adopt a pro-school subculture and worked hard to reject teacher labels and didn’t seek the teacher’s approval?

A

Fuller

62
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the idea of the ideal pupil?

A

Becker

63
Q

What does basic cultural equipment include?

A

Language, self discipline and reasoning skills.

64
Q

What is meant by the term Fatalism?

A

Acceptance of the situation rather than efforts to improve it; it will not encourage high achievement in the classroom.

65
Q

Name three Marxist sociologist who discuss education.

A

Althusser, Bowles, Gintis, Bourdieu

66
Q

Which government act stated that every child would receive a secondary education?

A

1944 Butler Act

67
Q

Whose education policies were described as the ‘third way’?

A

New Labour

68
Q

What is meant by delayed gratification?

A

The ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward. Generally, delayed gratification is associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later.

69
Q

Which terms does Bartlett use to describe policies which allowed schools to take more able and reject lower ability students?

A

Cream Skimming and Silt Sifting

70
Q

Carl Bereiter and Siegfried Engleman highlighted what?

A

The importance of language in educational achievement.

71
Q

Who argued that the value system of the lower classes creates a ‘self-imposed barrier to an improved position’?

A

Herbert Hyman

72
Q

Who said black people who do badly at school do so because they are socially deprived?

A

Douglas

73
Q

When was the national curriculum introduced?

A

1988

74
Q

What three quality assurance methods are used for education?

A

OfSted, League and Performance tables & the National Curriculum

75
Q

What is meant by equality of outcome?

A

Everyone should leave school with the same rewards such as qualifications

76
Q

Whose research led to the understanding of anti-school subcultures being a response to negative labelling?

A

Hargreaves

77
Q

Bernstein established two types of linguistic code, what are they?

A

Elaborate and Restricted

78
Q

Who studied the self-fulfilling prophesy in education?

A

Rosenthal and Jacobson

79
Q

What does LEA stand for?

A

Local Educational Authority

80
Q

What do Davis and Moore believe the role of education is?

A

To ensure that the right people get the right jobs

81
Q

What is meant by the comprehensive system?

A

Non-selective education system where all children attend the same type of secondary school.

82
Q

In what year were Comprehensive schools introduced?

A

1965

83
Q

What is meant by the term social mobility?

A

The ability to move up or down from the social class one is born into.

84
Q

What is meant by a liberal education?

A

A movement in education which argues that students should be exposed to a wide range of academic disciplines in order to produce well rounded and critical thinkers

85
Q

What is the difference between a private school and a public school?

A

Public schools require a common entrance exam as well as the paying of fees, private schools only require the payment of fees.

86
Q

Give one advantage of comprehensivisation.

A

Breakdown social barriers, caters for all abilities, cheaper to run, local schools for local children.

87
Q

What type of schools were introduced under Labour which pull out of local authority control and gives schools more control over budgets, staffing and admissions?

A

Trust Schools

88
Q

Which act provided free education until the age of 10 and the creation of elementary schools?

A

Foster Act 1870

89
Q

What is meant by pre-school?

A

Refers to the care and education of children under 5 before they enrol in formal education.

90
Q

How does the hidden curriculum prepare students for life after school?

A

It reflects societies values and prepares students for their place in society and their future work.

91
Q

What are free schools?

A

All ability, state funded independent schools. They are designed to be run by teachers and parents who can set up schools that meet the needs of the community.

92
Q

What is the 11+ examination?

A

The exam which determined if you went to grammar school, secondary modern or a technical school.

93
Q

What term is used to mean that schools are dominated by female teachers which gives the impression that education is a ‘women’s interest’

A

Feminised Education

94
Q

Give one disadvantage of streaming.

A

Students in the lower sets tend to be disheartened, teachers may pay less attention to the lower streamed students, a high proportion of lower stream students are working class or ethnic minorities, transfers between streams are difficult.

95
Q

Give one criticism of marketisation of education.

A

Benefits the middle class, post code lottery, reproduces class inequality, creates a two tier system of education.

96
Q

Give one example of Alternative Educational Provision.

A

Home Schooling, Special education Schools, PRU

97
Q

What is the difference between further and higher education?

A

Further education refers to 16 –18 provision which is now compulsory. Higher Education refers to university level education and not compulsory.

98
Q

Give one advantage of Streaming.

A

Students will receive a level of work which is appropriate to their ability, they will work alongside students of the same ability.

99
Q

Who suggested that a higher percentage of working-class children than middle class children left school at the first possible opportunity?

A

Heath and Ridge

100
Q

What are grant maintained schools?

A

Schools which receive a government grant and have the right to select some of their students from entry exams. AKA Foundation Schools.

101
Q

Give one disadvantage of comprehensivisation.

A

Accept lower standards, offer limited choice to parents, more able students could be held back, larger schools which mean less individualisation.

102
Q

What is meant by the privatisation OF education?

A

Opening aspects of schools internal processes to private businesses, such as teacher training, finances, and school management.

103
Q

Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce inequality in education.

A

New Deal 1998, Student Premium 2014, Comprehensive system 1965, Education Action Zones 1997, Sure Start 1998,Aim Higher 2004, Educational Maintenance Allowance 1997

104
Q

Outline two policies which aimed to reduce gender differences in educational achievement.

A

Equal opportunities laws, introduction of coursework, national curriculum, national literacy strategies, reading champions, playing for success.

105
Q

What are the characteristics of the ideal pupil?

A

White, Middle class, female, passive.

106
Q

Who suggested that one of the functions of education was to develop human capital?

A

Schultz

107
Q

What was the aim of the coalition governments education policies?

A

Marketisation and raising standards.

108
Q

What is meant by funding formula?

A

The amount of money a school receives based on the number of students they attract.

109
Q

What is meant by open enrolment?

A

Parents are able to apply to send their children to any school they choose regardless of catchment area.

110
Q

Who argued that middle class parents are more child centred that working-class parents which is reflected in a greater personal investment in their education?

A

Feinstein

111
Q

What did Putnam mean by Social Capital?

A

Membership to the right social networks that can bring about particular benefits.

112
Q

Who studied a US primary school in which the teacher used home backgrounds to group students onto particular tables?

A

Ray Rist

113
Q

What are the characteristics of a hyper-heterosexualised feminine identity?

A

Being loud and brash, having a boyfriend, symbolic capital

114
Q

What is the working-class girl’s dilemma?

A

The dilemma between gaining symbolic capital and educational capital.

115
Q

Identify two ways that the education system might be institutionally racist?

A

Marketisation policies, ethnocentric curriculum, critical racist theory, access to opportunities such as G&T programs.

116
Q

What is meant by labelling in education?

A

Teachers forming an opinion of a student based on first impressions and non academic factors which effects how they interact with the student.

117
Q

Who completed a study called Pygmalion in the classroom?

A

Rosenthal and Jacobson

118
Q

Who suggested that school acts as bridge between the family and wider society?

A

Parsons

119
Q

What are the 3 types of pupil identities identified by Archer in relation to ethnicity.

A

Ideal Pupil, Pathologized, Demonized

120
Q

What is meant by the term symbolic Violence?

A

The dismissal of working class culture as having less value than middle class culture.

NEW AQA Sociology Shortened Cards at PHS (8 decks)

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