Education Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three main functions of education according to Talcott Parsons?
A
Socialisation, Economic and Selection
2
Q
What is the difference between setting and streaming?
A
Setting is subject specific whereas streaming is across all subjects.
3
Q
Who argued that working class parents have lower aspirations for their children?
A
Douglas
4
Q
In what three ways does Giroux criticised the Marxist approach to education?
A
Working class are not passive, schools are sites of ideological struggle, the education system has relative autonomy.
5
Q
What is another name for the neo-liberal perspective on education?
A
New Right
6
Q
What are the three main characteristics of an anti-school subculture?
A
Non-conformity to school rules, negative attitude towards teachers, lower educational achievement.
7
Q
What are the two main external factors which lead to difference in educational achievement according to class?
A
Cultural and Material
8
Q
Who is associated with the principal of the correspondence principal?
A
Bowles and Gintis
9
Q
What are the 5 male subcultures according to Mac an Ghaill?
A
Academic Achievers, Macho Lads, New Enterprisers, Real Englishmen, Gay Students.
10
Q
Which government policy introduced the national curriculum?
A
1988 Education Reform Act
11
Q
What are the two main internal factors influencing subject choice?
A
Gendered subject image, Peer Pressure.
12
Q
Which perspective suggests that the government should make more opportunities for society to be more equal and meritocratic.
A
Social Democratic Perspective.
13
Q
What was the purpose of the New Labour Policy New Deal for Young People?
A
To prevent young people from joining the ranks of the unemployed after leaving school.
14
Q
What are the four internal factors which affect differential educational achievement?
A
Labelling, Self Fulfilling Prophecy, Streaming and Subcultures.
15
Q
Which report felt that socio-economic factors were the main factors in underachievement in Afro-Caribbean Pupils?
A
Swan Report
16
Q
What phrase does Althusser use to describe institution such as education?
A
Ideological State Apparatus
17
Q
Who argues that education doesn’t sift and sort but rather leads to cultural reproduction?
A
Bourdieu
18
Q
Who suggests that there needs to be greater focus on vocational education so that students are more prepared for the world of work?
A
New Right
19
Q
What is the term used to refer to parents having more choice over which school to send their children to?
A
Parentocracy
20
Q
What is meant by the term educational triage?
A
The rationing of educational resources, with extra resources being aimed at those on the CD borderline.
21
Q
Who argues that the ethnocentric curriculum is evidence of institutional racism in education?
A
Coard
22
Q
What two external factors are suggested to explain underachievement of boys?
A
Lack of literacy skills, crisis of masculinity.
23
Q
What are the 4 main ways of grouping students in schools?
A
Mixed Ability, setting, streaming and in class groups
24
Q
What did Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?
A
Middle class language, values and skills which are rewarded by the education system.
25
Give one example of material deprivation which can affect educational achievement other than lack of resources.
Poor Diet, Crowded living, unable to afford tutors.
26
Who studied girls’ aspirations in the 1970’s and in the 1990’s and found there had been a significant shift in priorities?
Sue Sharpe.
27
What are the 4 Afro-Caribbean subcultures outlined in Sewell’s Study?
Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Rebels
28
What did Parsons mean by Particularistic values?
The ways that a child is treated as an individual in the home.
29
Who completed a study looking at anti-school subcultures in boys called ‘Learning to labour’?
Paul Willis
30
What is the correspondence principal?
The idea that the education system mirrors the world of work in a number of ways.
31
What is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy?
When a student lives up to the label given to them by the teacher or school
32
What is material deprivation?
When a student is unable to access the basic necessities to help with academic success such as revision materials or a place to study.
33
What are the four main values that Sugarman suggested working class students are socialised into that prevent educational success?
Fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism.
34
What are the three elements of the tripartite education system?
Grammar Schools, Secondary Moderns, Technical Schools.
35
What did Bernstein mean by elaborate code of language?
Longer more complicated sentences which make meaning explicit.
36
What is GIST?
Girls in Science and Technology –a government policy to encourage girls in to more traditionally male subjects.
37
What is the Halo Effect?
When a pupil is stereotyped from a first impression as being good/bad or thick/bright.
38
Who suggested that education ‘sifts and sorts’ people into appropriate roles in society?
Davis and Moore
39
Identify two ways that schools reflect the world of work.
Uniforms, hierarchy, routine, boredom, discipline.
40
Who criticises cultural deprivation theory as being victim blaming?
Keddie
41
Identify one example showing that schools are becoming more customised?
Faith Schools, Free Schools, Specialised Schools, Virtual Schools
42
How would radical feminists like to see the education system structured?
Single Sex
43
What does CTC stand for?
City Technical College
44
What is meant by the term cultural deprivation?
Pupils are denied the cultural experiences that are necessary to do well at school?
45
What did Bernstein mean by restricted code of language?
A form of short hand speech which meaning is not explicit but implied.
46
According to JWB Douglas’s study which of the classes are deprived of parental support?
Working Class
47
What does Durkheim believe the main role of education is?
The teaching of social norms and values and to help create social cohesion.
48
Who found that teachers tend to racialize expectations of pupils?
Gillbourn and Youdell
49
What is meant by the term compensatory education?
Policies which give working class and ethnic minority students extra help in order to make up for poo socialisation.
50
What is a meritocratic education?
Education systems which ensures that people are given the right jobs and rewarded for working hard.
51
Who argues that marketisation was a good way to improve school standards?
Chubb and Moe
52
What is meant by vocational education?
Courses which are linked to a specific job/career
53
Which perspective believes that the way a teacher interacts with a pupil affects the pupil’s education?
Interactionists
54
What is the Hidden Curriculum?
The untaught lessons such as punctuality and team work.
55
Which perspective suggests that education has moved from one size fits all to a more diverse system that reflects the changing economy?
Postmodernism
56
What is meant by internal factors in educational achievement?
Factors relating to what is happening within the educational system.
57
Who argued the black boys underachieve do to a lack of male role models at home?
Murray
58
What are the four external factors that attempt to explain the gender gap in education?
Feminism, changing priorities, changes in the family, changes in employment.
59
What is meant by ascribed status?
Status that is given to someone on the basis of birth, biology or family characteristics.
60
What is meant by the term meritocracy?
Achievement is based on hard work, talent and perseverance.
61
Who said that black girls often adopt a pro-school subculture and worked hard to reject teacher labels and didn’t seek the teacher’s approval?
Fuller
62
Which sociologist is associated with the idea of the ideal pupil?
Becker
63
What does basic cultural equipment include?
Language, self discipline and reasoning skills.
64
What is meant by the term Fatalism?
Acceptance of the situation rather than efforts to improve it; it will not encourage high achievement in the classroom.
65
Name three Marxist sociologist who discuss education.
Althusser, Bowles, Gintis, Bourdieu
66
Which government act stated that every child would receive a secondary education?
1944 Butler Act
67
Whose education policies were described as the ‘third way’?
New Labour
68
What is meant by delayed gratification?
The ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward. Generally, delayed gratification is associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later.
69
Which terms does Bartlett use to describe policies which allowed schools to take more able and reject lower ability students?
Cream Skimming and Silt Sifting
70
Carl Bereiter and Siegfried Engleman highlighted what?
The importance of language in educational achievement.
71
Who argued that the value system of the lower classes creates a ‘self-imposed barrier to an improved position’?
Herbert Hyman
72
Who said black people who do badly at school do so because they are socially deprived?
Douglas
73
When was the national curriculum introduced?
1988
74
What three quality assurance methods are used for education?
OfSted, League and Performance tables & the National Curriculum
75
What is meant by equality of outcome?
Everyone should leave school with the same rewards such as qualifications
76
Whose research led to the understanding of anti-school subcultures being a response to negative labelling?
Hargreaves
77
Bernstein established two types of linguistic code, what are they?
Elaborate and Restricted
78
Who studied the self-fulfilling prophesy in education?
Rosenthal and Jacobson
79
What does LEA stand for?
Local Educational Authority
80
What do Davis and Moore believe the role of education is?
To ensure that the right people get the right jobs
81
What is meant by the comprehensive system?
Non-selective education system where all children attend the same type of secondary school.
82
In what year were Comprehensive schools introduced?
1965
83
What is meant by the term social mobility?
The ability to move up or down from the social class one is born into.
84
What is meant by a liberal education?
A movement in education which argues that students should be exposed to a wide range of academic disciplines in order to produce well rounded and critical thinkers
85
What is the difference between a private school and a public school?
Public schools require a common entrance exam as well as the paying of fees, private schools only require the payment of fees.
86
Give one advantage of comprehensivisation.
Breakdown social barriers, caters for all abilities, cheaper to run, local schools for local children.
87
What type of schools were introduced under Labour which pull out of local authority control and gives schools more control over budgets, staffing and admissions?
Trust Schools
88
Which act provided free education until the age of 10 and the creation of elementary schools?
Foster Act 1870
89
What is meant by pre-school?
Refers to the care and education of children under 5 before they enrol in formal education.
90
How does the hidden curriculum prepare students for life after school?
It reflects societies values and prepares students for their place in society and their future work.
91
What are free schools?
All ability, state funded independent schools. They are designed to be run by teachers and parents who can set up schools that meet the needs of the community.
92
What is the 11+ examination?
The exam which determined if you went to grammar school, secondary modern or a technical school.
93
What term is used to mean that schools are dominated by female teachers which gives the impression that education is a ‘women's interest’
Feminised Education
94
Give one disadvantage of streaming.
Students in the lower sets tend to be disheartened, teachers may pay less attention to the lower streamed students, a high proportion of lower stream students are working class or ethnic minorities, transfers between streams are difficult.
95
Give one criticism of marketisation of education.
Benefits the middle class, post code lottery, reproduces class inequality, creates a two tier system of education.
96
Give one example of Alternative Educational Provision.
Home Schooling, Special education Schools, PRU
97
What is the difference between further and higher education?
Further education refers to 16 –18 provision which is now compulsory. Higher Education refers to university level education and not compulsory.
98
Give one advantage of Streaming.
Students will receive a level of work which is appropriate to their ability, they will work alongside students of the same ability.
99
Who suggested that a higher percentage of working-class children than middle class children left school at the first possible opportunity?
Heath and Ridge
100
What are grant maintained schools?
Schools which receive a government grant and have the right to select some of their students from entry exams. AKA Foundation Schools.
101
Give one disadvantage of comprehensivisation.
Accept lower standards, offer limited choice to parents, more able students could be held back, larger schools which mean less individualisation.
102
What is meant by the privatisation OF education?
Opening aspects of schools internal processes to private businesses, such as teacher training, finances, and school management.
103
Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce inequality in education.
New Deal 1998, Student Premium 2014, Comprehensive system 1965, Education Action Zones 1997, Sure Start 1998,Aim Higher 2004, Educational Maintenance Allowance 1997
104
Outline two policies which aimed to reduce gender differences in educational achievement.
Equal opportunities laws, introduction of coursework, national curriculum, national literacy strategies, reading champions, playing for success.
105
What are the characteristics of the ideal pupil?
White, Middle class, female, passive.
106
Who suggested that one of the functions of education was to develop human capital?
Schultz
107
What was the aim of the coalition governments education policies?
Marketisation and raising standards.
108
What is meant by funding formula?
The amount of money a school receives based on the number of students they attract.
109
What is meant by open enrolment?
Parents are able to apply to send their children to any school they choose regardless of catchment area.
110
Who argued that middle class parents are more child centred that working-class parents which is reflected in a greater personal investment in their education?
Feinstein
111
What did Putnam mean by Social Capital?
Membership to the right social networks that can bring about particular benefits.
112
Who studied a US primary school in which the teacher used home backgrounds to group students onto particular tables?
Ray Rist
113
What are the characteristics of a hyper-heterosexualised feminine identity?
Being loud and brash, having a boyfriend, symbolic capital
114
What is the working-class girl’s dilemma?
The dilemma between gaining symbolic capital and educational capital.
115
Identify two ways that the education system might be institutionally racist?
Marketisation policies, ethnocentric curriculum, critical racist theory, access to opportunities such as G&T programs.
116
What is meant by labelling in education?
Teachers forming an opinion of a student based on first impressions and non academic factors which effects how they interact with the student.
117
Who completed a study called Pygmalion in the classroom?
Rosenthal and Jacobson
118
Who suggested that school acts as bridge between the family and wider society?
Parsons
119
What are the 3 types of pupil identities identified by Archer in relation to ethnicity.
Ideal Pupil, Pathologized, Demonized
120
What is meant by the term symbolic Violence?
The dismissal of working class culture as having less value than middle class culture.
