Crime Flashcards
1
Q
Which sociologist is associated with the term Anomie?
A
Durkheim
2
Q
What is meant by selective law enforcement?
A
The law is applied differently to different socialgroups.
3
Q
What does the BCS stand for?
A
British Crime Survey
4
Q
Give one example of a crime that has increased due to globalisation.
A
Cyber crime, Green Grime, Drug and people trafficking, weapons trafficking, money laundering etc
5
Q
Who is associated with the idea of panoptical prisons?
A
Foucault
6
Q
What are the four bonds that prevent crime according to Hirsci?
A
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief.
7
Q
Give one example of formal agents social control.
A
Criminal Justice system, Police, Courts, Prisons.
8
Q
Which theory of gender differences is associated with Carlan?
A
Control Theory
9
Q
What term did Hobbs use to explain how crime now involves networks of people around the globe?
A
Glocal
10
Q
Name one study which shows the impact of environmental crime prevention methods.
A
NYC Port Authority bus terminal or Stoke Council streetlighting.
11
Q
What are the 3 causes of crime according to the left realists?
A
Marginalisation, Relative Deprivation, Sub-cultures.
12
Q
Which sociologist is associated with the status frustration cause of crime?
A
Albert Cohen.
13
Q
What is the McPherson Report?
A
An investigation into allegations of institutional racism in the police force after the murder of Stephen Lawrence.
14
Q
What did South mean by Primary Green crime?
A
Direct result of destruction of Earths resources, eg Air Pollution, Deforestationetc
15
Q
Which theory of crime control and prevention is associated with Wilson and Kelling?
A
Broken WindowTheory
16
Q
What is another name for the interactionist theory of crime?
A
Labelling Theory
17
Q
What name does Becker give groups such as the media, police and those who have the power to create and enforce laws?
A
Moral Entrepreneurs.
18
Q
What is the OCR and where does it come from?
A
Official Crime Rate –from police reports, court and prison records.
19
Q
According to Wall what are the 4 types of cyber crime
A
Cyber Deception and Theft, Cyber Pornography, Cyber –trespass, CyberViolence
20
Q
Which social group is more likely to be a victim of violent crime?
A
Young working class male aged 17-24
21
Q
What is rational choice theory?
A
The idea that people make a conscious choice to commit crime.
22
Q
With which theory of crime is Ian Taylor associated
A
Neo-Marxism or New Criminology
23
Q
Which sociologists is associated with Masculinity Theory?
A
Messerschimdt.
24
Q
What is meant by the Anthropocentric approach to green crime?
A
Humans have the right to exploit the environment and animal species for their own benefit.
25
What are Bauman and Lyon referring to by Liquid Surveillance?
The constant monitoring of actions and behaviour through digital means.
26
What is the definition of a crime?
The breaking of the laws created by society.
27
To understand crime and deviance and how it is a social construction the neo-Marxists aim to create what?
A fully social theory
28
Moore, Atkin and Chapman see the police as filters of crime. Name three way that they filter crime?
Seriousness of crime, Social status of the victim, Classification of the crime, Discretion, Work Relation.
29
What are the 3 stages of the spiral of state denial ?
It didn’t happen, if it did it was something else, Even if it is what you say it is it is justified.
30
What are the 4 roles of the CJS in preventing crime?
Deterrence, Retribution, Rehabilitation, Protection of the public
31
What are the 5 reactions to strain according to Merton?
Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion
32
What is meant by Utilitarian Crime?
Crime for financial gain
33
Identify 3 explanations for ethnic minority criminality?
Police Targeting, Locality theory, Strain, Institutional racism, Subcultures, Social and Cultural factors.
34
Identify 3 ways that the media could be considered a cause of crime?
Imitation, Arousal, desensitisation, schools of crime, targeting, deprivation, glamorisation.
35
Which theory of crime control and prevention suggests that taking away opportunities for crime is the best method?
Situational crime prevention.
36
Who suggested that criminals could be identified by physical characteristics?
Lombroso
37
What are the 3 positive features of crime according to Durkheim?
Boundary Maintenance, Social Cohesion, Adaption and change.
38
What is meant by corporate crime?
When a company or person commits a crime to benefit the company.
39
According to Kelman and Hamilton what are the three features that produce crimes of obedience?
Authorisation, Routinisation, Dehumanisation.
40
According to Foucault how has punishment changed?
Sovereign Power to Disciplinary power
41
Who suggested that crime itself is not functional but it is the publicising of it and the punishments that is functional?
Taylor, Walton and Young.
42
What are the three types of subculture according to Cloward and Ohlin?
Criminal, Conflict, Retreatism
43
Who is associated with the Liberation Thesis?
Adler
44
Give one example of a modern moral panic?
Black muggers (1970), HIV & Aids (1980’s) Stanic Child Abuse, Video Nasties, Guns, Islamic terrorism.
45
What did Walklate mean by Secondary Victimisation?
Victims are accused of being to blame for the crime against them in the court system, particularly with Rape and Honourcrimes.
46
Which two sociologist are associated with the Chicago school and locality theory of crime?
Shaw and McKay.
47
In what 4 ways are crime and deviance seen as fluid?
Historical, Cultural, Contextual, generational
48
Who suggested that women commit less crime than men due to lack of opportunity?
Dunscombe and Marsden
49
What is Zemiology?
The study of social harm
50
Name one study that looked at Social and community crime prevention methods?
Perry Pre-School Project, Troubled Families Programme
51
What is Disintegrative Shaming according to Braithwaite?
When the crime and criminal are considered bad and excluded from society.
52
Gordon stated that crime was a natural reaction to four capitalist foci –what are they?
Greed, Profit, competition and Materialism
53
What is meant by double deviancy?
When women not only break the law but also break socially acceptable roles.
54
What two reasons are suggest for state crime being so serious?
The scale of the crime and because the state is a source of law.
55
Hoyle identified 11 impacts of victimization, name 4?
Anger, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, panic, shock, PTSD, disrupted sleep, poor health, powerlessness, fear of further victimisation
56
What is mean when crime is described as a ‘Safety Valve’ ?
Allowing smaller crimes and deviancy to prevent larger crimes and social problems.
57
Reiman gave what as an example of selective law enforcement?
Benefits scroungers V Corporate tax dodgers.
58
Who suggested that ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected?
Phillips and Browning
59
In what 5 ways has globalisation impacted crime levels?
Cheaper travel, Deregulation of financial services, Easier movement of people, Influence of global media, Spread of new information
60
Which three government departments are responsible for the criminal justice system?
Home Office, Attorney General, Ministry of Justice
61
What is meant by master status?
When the given label is internalised and becomes the main identity.
62
What did Pearce mean by a False Consciousness of crime?
The occasional prosecution of corporate crime and the passing of laws which appear to protect the working class
63
Give one weakness of victim studies?
Crimes are in the wrong categories, don’t know they are a victim, relies on memory, Victimless crimes are ignored.
64
Who is associated with the idea of defining state crime by the harm they cause?
Michalowski.
65
Give one way that Prisons are not effective at preventing crime?
Schools of crime, labelling
66
What are the three causes of crime according to the Right Realists?
Biological Differences, Socialisation, Rational Choice
67
In which zone did Shaw and McKay suggest there would be higher rates of crime?
Zones of transition.
68
Which 3 sociologists are associated with the chivalry thesis?
Pollock, Flood-Page, Hood
69
How did Kidd-Hewitt and Osborne describe media distortion of crime?
Crime as a spectacle
70
Who conducted the Kilburn Experiment into surveillance?
Newburn and Hayman
71
What did Cicourel mean by typifications?
The stereotypes of a criminal that determine the labels.
72
What 6 elements are needed to create a fully social theory of crime?
Wider origin of deviance, Immediate origin of deviance, the Act itself, Immediate origins of societal reaction, Wider origins of societal reaction, effects of labelling
73
What is meant by social and cultural factors causes ethnic criminality?
Lack of socialisation, Labelling and moralpanics.
74
Give one reason why is it difficult to police green crime?
Transnational in nature, difficult to construct international laws, laws that do exist are shaped by the interests of the powerful.
75
Which theory of crime prevention is linked to the NYC clean car program?
Environmental Crime prevention
76
Give one example of context deviancy?
Bikini in town centre, drinking at 8am, etc 77.
77
Which sociologist is associated with the interactionist approach to crime?
Becker.
78
Who suggested that black criminality is a result of resistance to inequality?
Gilroy
79
How is the media a cause of the fear of crime?
Over representation of violent crime, moral panics, ideological control
80
What is positivist Victimiology?
An attempt to find out why certain people are victims of crime and not others
81
What did Messner and Rosenfeld mean by Institutional Anomie Theory?
Lower state welfare and free market capitalism = higher crime rates. Eg Post Soviet Russia
82
What did Taylor Walton and young mean by saying crime was Voluntarist?
People have free will and make a conscious choice and are political motivated to commit crime
83
Identify 3 explanations for lower class criminality?
Strain theory, status frustration, focal concerns, labelling, relative deprivation, marginalisation, poor socialisation, dependency culture
84
How did Green and Ward define state crime?
Illegal or deviant activity perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies
85
Which theories of crime prevention are associated with right realists?
Situation and Environmental Crime prevention
86
Which sociologist is associated with the Focal concerns explanation for crime?
Miller
87
What do Marxists mean when they say that capitalism is criminogenic?
Capitalism is exploitive by nature and results in class inequality and poverty which lead to crime.
88
How does Parsons explain gender differences in crime?
Differential socialisation
89
Who suggested that the global criminal economy is worth over $1 trillion a year?
Castells
90
What is meant by displacement as a criticism of situation Crime Prevention?
It doesn’t prevent crime just moves it to a newplace
91
What is reintegrative shaming according to Braithwaite?
Labelling the act not the person.
92
Who suggests that Marxist explanation of crime romanticizes criminals?
Rock 1988
93
Identify 2 of the 5 types of white collar crime identified by Croall 2001?
Bribery & corruption, Fiddling expenses, Professional misconduct, Fraud, Embezzlement.
94
What 5 reasons did McRobbie and Thornton give to say that moral panics were outdated?
Frequency, Context, Reflexivity, Difficulty, Rebound.
95
Which sociologist is associated with positive victimology?
Tierney
96
Who argues that the law is socially constructed by the ruling class to protect capitalist interests?
Box
97
How does Chapman define corporate crime?
Illegal or morally suspect behaviour carried out by high ranking company officers aimed at enhancing the profit of the company.
98
Who conducted a study called Policing the Crisis?
Hall
99
Which sociologists are associated with the Rational choice theory?
Cornish and Clarke
100
What is meant by Deviancy amplification?
The process by which the official attempt to control deviance or crime which leads to more of that crime/deviance.
101
What is meant by target hardening?
Making the targets of crime harder to access.
102
Give an example of target hardening.
Gated Communities, Bars on windows, Anti-homeless spikes, additional locks,etc .
103
What act of parliament gave the security services legal power to hack into personal data of UK citizens without informing them first?
Investigatory Powers Act 2016
104
Who argued that right realist policies on crime prevention led to class inequality in victimisation because the poor cannot afford the target hardening systems?
Stanley Cohen
105
Which theory of crime is criticised as over stating the rationality of criminal behaviour?
Right Realist
106
What is meant by the dark figure of crime?
Crimes that are under-reported by victims and unrecorded by police.
107
Who found that sentencing of women for theft was NOT more lenient the sentencing of men in 1983?
Farrington and Morris
108
Who argued that oppressive policing and over policing and criminalisation are the cause of patterns in ethnic minority criminality?
Phillips and Browning.
109
What is the Triple Quandary Theory?
Suggested by Sewell, it is the idea that there are 3 risk factors which are responsible for crime amongst black boys.
110
What are the three risk factors identified by Sewell as reasons for black boys criminality?
Lack of a father figure, Negative experiences of white culture, Mass media.
111
What is meant by hegemonic masculinity?
The socially agreed meaning of what it means to be a man in terms of behaviour and activities.
112
What is meant by the hypodermic syringe model?
The idea that the media influences behaviour in particular with young people and violent behaviour.
113
What are the 6 stages of a moral panic?
Identification, Symbolisation, Demonization, Condemnation, Stamping Down, Deviancy Amplification.
114
Who did Stan Cohen study in his famous study on folk devils and Moral Panics?
Mods and Rockers
115
What term is used to describe a prison in which all prisoners can be observed by a single guard in the centre of the prison?
Panopticon
116
Who described prisons as ‘Universities of Crime’?
Matthews
117
Which perspective suggests that victimhood is a socially constructed and that the label of victim depends on a persons position in society?
Critical Victimology
118
What is ‘Missing White Women Syndrome’?
The idea that the media ignores crimes where the victim doesn’t fit the middle class, white, female stereotype.
119
According to Newburn the homeless are how many more times more likely to be a victim of crime than a homeowner?
13
120
Who is most likely to be a murder victim?
Men
