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NEW AQA Sociology Shortened Cards at PHS > Crime > Flashcards

Crime Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the term Anomie?

A

Durkheim

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2
Q

What is meant by selective law enforcement?

A

The law is applied differently to different socialgroups.

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3
Q

What does the BCS stand for?

A

British Crime Survey

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4
Q

Give one example of a crime that has increased due to globalisation.

A

Cyber crime, Green Grime, Drug and people trafficking, weapons trafficking, money laundering etc

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5
Q

Who is associated with the idea of panoptical prisons?

A

Foucault

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6
Q

What are the four bonds that prevent crime according to Hirsci?

A

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief.

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7
Q

Give one example of formal agents social control.

A

Criminal Justice system, Police, Courts, Prisons.

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8
Q

Which theory of gender differences is associated with Carlan?

A

Control Theory

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9
Q

What term did Hobbs use to explain how crime now involves networks of people around the globe?

A

Glocal

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10
Q

Name one study which shows the impact of environmental crime prevention methods.

A

NYC Port Authority bus terminal or Stoke Council streetlighting.

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11
Q

What are the 3 causes of crime according to the left realists?

A

Marginalisation, Relative Deprivation, Sub-cultures.

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12
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the status frustration cause of crime?

A

Albert Cohen.

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13
Q

What is the McPherson Report?

A

An investigation into allegations of institutional racism in the police force after the murder of Stephen Lawrence.

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14
Q

What did South mean by Primary Green crime?

A

Direct result of destruction of Earths resources, eg Air Pollution, Deforestationetc

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15
Q

Which theory of crime control and prevention is associated with Wilson and Kelling?

A

Broken WindowTheory

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16
Q

What is another name for the interactionist theory of crime?

A

Labelling Theory

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17
Q

What name does Becker give groups such as the media, police and those who have the power to create and enforce laws?

A

Moral Entrepreneurs.

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18
Q

What is the OCR and where does it come from?

A

Official Crime Rate –from police reports, court and prison records.

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19
Q

According to Wall what are the 4 types of cyber crime

A

Cyber Deception and Theft, Cyber Pornography, Cyber –trespass, CyberViolence

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20
Q

Which social group is more likely to be a victim of violent crime?

A

Young working class male aged 17-24

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21
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

The idea that people make a conscious choice to commit crime.

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22
Q

With which theory of crime is Ian Taylor associated

A

Neo-Marxism or New Criminology

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23
Q

Which sociologists is associated with Masculinity Theory?

A

Messerschimdt.

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24
Q

What is meant by the Anthropocentric approach to green crime?

A

Humans have the right to exploit the environment and animal species for their own benefit.

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25
Q

What are Bauman and Lyon referring to by Liquid Surveillance?

A

The constant monitoring of actions and behaviour through digital means.

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26
Q

What is the definition of a crime?

A

The breaking of the laws created by society.

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27
Q

To understand crime and deviance and how it is a social construction the neo-Marxists aim to create what?

A

A fully social theory

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28
Q

Moore, Atkin and Chapman see the police as filters of crime. Name three way that they filter crime?

A

Seriousness of crime, Social status of the victim, Classification of the crime, Discretion, Work Relation.

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29
Q

What are the 3 stages of the spiral of state denial ?

A

It didn’t happen, if it did it was something else, Even if it is what you say it is it is justified.

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30
Q

What are the 4 roles of the CJS in preventing crime?

A

Deterrence, Retribution, Rehabilitation, Protection of the public

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31
Q

What are the 5 reactions to strain according to Merton?

A

Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

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32
Q

What is meant by Utilitarian Crime?

A

Crime for financial gain

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33
Q

Identify 3 explanations for ethnic minority criminality?

A

Police Targeting, Locality theory, Strain, Institutional racism, Subcultures, Social and Cultural factors.

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34
Q

Identify 3 ways that the media could be considered a cause of crime?

A

Imitation, Arousal, desensitisation, schools of crime, targeting, deprivation, glamorisation.

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35
Q

Which theory of crime control and prevention suggests that taking away opportunities for crime is the best method?

A

Situational crime prevention.

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36
Q

Who suggested that criminals could be identified by physical characteristics?

A

Lombroso

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37
Q

What are the 3 positive features of crime according to Durkheim?

A

Boundary Maintenance, Social Cohesion, Adaption and change.

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38
Q

What is meant by corporate crime?

A

When a company or person commits a crime to benefit the company.

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39
Q

According to Kelman and Hamilton what are the three features that produce crimes of obedience?

A

Authorisation, Routinisation, Dehumanisation.

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40
Q

According to Foucault how has punishment changed?

A

Sovereign Power to Disciplinary power

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41
Q

Who suggested that crime itself is not functional but it is the publicising of it and the punishments that is functional?

A

Taylor, Walton and Young.

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42
Q

What are the three types of subculture according to Cloward and Ohlin?

A

Criminal, Conflict, Retreatism

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43
Q

Who is associated with the Liberation Thesis?

A

Adler

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44
Q

Give one example of a modern moral panic?

A

Black muggers (1970), HIV & Aids (1980’s) Stanic Child Abuse, Video Nasties, Guns, Islamic terrorism.

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45
Q

What did Walklate mean by Secondary Victimisation?

A

Victims are accused of being to blame for the crime against them in the court system, particularly with Rape and Honourcrimes.

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46
Q

Which two sociologist are associated with the Chicago school and locality theory of crime?

A

Shaw and McKay.

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47
Q

In what 4 ways are crime and deviance seen as fluid?

A

Historical, Cultural, Contextual, generational

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48
Q

Who suggested that women commit less crime than men due to lack of opportunity?

A

Dunscombe and Marsden

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49
Q

What is Zemiology?

A

The study of social harm

50
Q

Name one study that looked at Social and community crime prevention methods?

A

Perry Pre-School Project, Troubled Families Programme

51
Q

What is Disintegrative Shaming according to Braithwaite?

A

When the crime and criminal are considered bad and excluded from society.

52
Q

Gordon stated that crime was a natural reaction to four capitalist foci –what are they?

A

Greed, Profit, competition and Materialism

53
Q

What is meant by double deviancy?

A

When women not only break the law but also break socially acceptable roles.

54
Q

What two reasons are suggest for state crime being so serious?

A

The scale of the crime and because the state is a source of law.

55
Q

Hoyle identified 11 impacts of victimization, name 4?

A

Anger, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, panic, shock, PTSD, disrupted sleep, poor health, powerlessness, fear of further victimisation

56
Q

What is mean when crime is described as a ‘Safety Valve’ ?

A

Allowing smaller crimes and deviancy to prevent larger crimes and social problems.

57
Q

Reiman gave what as an example of selective law enforcement?

A

Benefits scroungers V Corporate tax dodgers.

58
Q

Who suggested that ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected?

A

Phillips and Browning

59
Q

In what 5 ways has globalisation impacted crime levels?

A

Cheaper travel, Deregulation of financial services, Easier movement of people, Influence of global media, Spread of new information

60
Q

Which three government departments are responsible for the criminal justice system?

A

Home Office, Attorney General, Ministry of Justice

61
Q

What is meant by master status?

A

When the given label is internalised and becomes the main identity.

62
Q

What did Pearce mean by a False Consciousness of crime?

A

The occasional prosecution of corporate crime and the passing of laws which appear to protect the working class

63
Q

Give one weakness of victim studies?

A

Crimes are in the wrong categories, don’t know they are a victim, relies on memory, Victimless crimes are ignored.

64
Q

Who is associated with the idea of defining state crime by the harm they cause?

A

Michalowski.

65
Q

Give one way that Prisons are not effective at preventing crime?

A

Schools of crime, labelling

66
Q

What are the three causes of crime according to the Right Realists?

A

Biological Differences, Socialisation, Rational Choice

67
Q

In which zone did Shaw and McKay suggest there would be higher rates of crime?

A

Zones of transition.

68
Q

Which 3 sociologists are associated with the chivalry thesis?

A

Pollock, Flood-Page, Hood

69
Q

How did Kidd-Hewitt and Osborne describe media distortion of crime?

A

Crime as a spectacle

70
Q

Who conducted the Kilburn Experiment into surveillance?

A

Newburn and Hayman

71
Q

What did Cicourel mean by typifications?

A

The stereotypes of a criminal that determine the labels.

72
Q

What 6 elements are needed to create a fully social theory of crime?

A

Wider origin of deviance, Immediate origin of deviance, the Act itself, Immediate origins of societal reaction, Wider origins of societal reaction, effects of labelling

73
Q

What is meant by social and cultural factors causes ethnic criminality?

A

Lack of socialisation, Labelling and moralpanics.

74
Q

Give one reason why is it difficult to police green crime?

A

Transnational in nature, difficult to construct international laws, laws that do exist are shaped by the interests of the powerful.

75
Q

Which theory of crime prevention is linked to the NYC clean car program?

A

Environmental Crime prevention

76
Q

Give one example of context deviancy?

A

Bikini in town centre, drinking at 8am, etc 77.

77
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the interactionist approach to crime?

A

Becker.

78
Q

Who suggested that black criminality is a result of resistance to inequality?

A

Gilroy

79
Q

How is the media a cause of the fear of crime?

A

Over representation of violent crime, moral panics, ideological control

80
Q

What is positivist Victimiology?

A

An attempt to find out why certain people are victims of crime and not others

81
Q

What did Messner and Rosenfeld mean by Institutional Anomie Theory?

A

Lower state welfare and free market capitalism = higher crime rates. Eg Post Soviet Russia

82
Q

What did Taylor Walton and young mean by saying crime was Voluntarist?

A

People have free will and make a conscious choice and are political motivated to commit crime

83
Q

Identify 3 explanations for lower class criminality?

A

Strain theory, status frustration, focal concerns, labelling, relative deprivation, marginalisation, poor socialisation, dependency culture

84
Q

How did Green and Ward define state crime?

A

Illegal or deviant activity perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies

85
Q

Which theories of crime prevention are associated with right realists?

A

Situation and Environmental Crime prevention

86
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the Focal concerns explanation for crime?

A

Miller

87
Q

What do Marxists mean when they say that capitalism is criminogenic?

A

Capitalism is exploitive by nature and results in class inequality and poverty which lead to crime.

88
Q

How does Parsons explain gender differences in crime?

A

Differential socialisation

89
Q

Who suggested that the global criminal economy is worth over $1 trillion a year?

A

Castells

90
Q

What is meant by displacement as a criticism of situation Crime Prevention?

A

It doesn’t prevent crime just moves it to a newplace

91
Q

What is reintegrative shaming according to Braithwaite?

A

Labelling the act not the person.

92
Q

Who suggests that Marxist explanation of crime romanticizes criminals?

A

Rock 1988

93
Q

Identify 2 of the 5 types of white collar crime identified by Croall 2001?

A

Bribery & corruption, Fiddling expenses, Professional misconduct, Fraud, Embezzlement.

94
Q

What 5 reasons did McRobbie and Thornton give to say that moral panics were outdated?

A

Frequency, Context, Reflexivity, Difficulty, Rebound.

95
Q

Which sociologist is associated with positive victimology?

A

Tierney

96
Q

Who argues that the law is socially constructed by the ruling class to protect capitalist interests?

A

Box

97
Q

How does Chapman define corporate crime?

A

Illegal or morally suspect behaviour carried out by high ranking company officers aimed at enhancing the profit of the company.

98
Q

Who conducted a study called Policing the Crisis?

A

Hall

99
Q

Which sociologists are associated with the Rational choice theory?

A

Cornish and Clarke

100
Q

What is meant by Deviancy amplification?

A

The process by which the official attempt to control deviance or crime which leads to more of that crime/deviance.

101
Q

What is meant by target hardening?

A

Making the targets of crime harder to access.

102
Q

Give an example of target hardening.

A

Gated Communities, Bars on windows, Anti-homeless spikes, additional locks,etc .

103
Q

What act of parliament gave the security services legal power to hack into personal data of UK citizens without informing them first?

A

Investigatory Powers Act 2016

104
Q

Who argued that right realist policies on crime prevention led to class inequality in victimisation because the poor cannot afford the target hardening systems?

A

Stanley Cohen

105
Q

Which theory of crime is criticised as over stating the rationality of criminal behaviour?

A

Right Realist

106
Q

What is meant by the dark figure of crime?

A

Crimes that are under-reported by victims and unrecorded by police.

107
Q

Who found that sentencing of women for theft was NOT more lenient the sentencing of men in 1983?

A

Farrington and Morris

108
Q

Who argued that oppressive policing and over policing and criminalisation are the cause of patterns in ethnic minority criminality?

A

Phillips and Browning.

109
Q

What is the Triple Quandary Theory?

A

Suggested by Sewell, it is the idea that there are 3 risk factors which are responsible for crime amongst black boys.

110
Q

What are the three risk factors identified by Sewell as reasons for black boys criminality?

A

Lack of a father figure, Negative experiences of white culture, Mass media.

111
Q

What is meant by hegemonic masculinity?

A

The socially agreed meaning of what it means to be a man in terms of behaviour and activities.

112
Q

What is meant by the hypodermic syringe model?

A

The idea that the media influences behaviour in particular with young people and violent behaviour.

113
Q

What are the 6 stages of a moral panic?

A

Identification, Symbolisation, Demonization, Condemnation, Stamping Down, Deviancy Amplification.

114
Q

Who did Stan Cohen study in his famous study on folk devils and Moral Panics?

A

Mods and Rockers

115
Q

What term is used to describe a prison in which all prisoners can be observed by a single guard in the centre of the prison?

A

Panopticon

116
Q

Who described prisons as ‘Universities of Crime’?

A

Matthews

117
Q

Which perspective suggests that victimhood is a socially constructed and that the label of victim depends on a persons position in society?

A

Critical Victimology

118
Q

What is ‘Missing White Women Syndrome’?

A

The idea that the media ignores crimes where the victim doesn’t fit the middle class, white, female stereotype.

119
Q

According to Newburn the homeless are how many more times more likely to be a victim of crime than a homeowner?

A

13

120
Q

Who is most likely to be a murder victim?

A

Men

NEW AQA Sociology Shortened Cards at PHS (8 decks)

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