Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NEW AQA Sociology Shortened Cards at PHS > Beliefs > Flashcards

Beliefs Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between and open and closed belief system?

A

Open belief system, open to scrutiny, criticism and testing by others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who regarding religion as “The opium of the masses”?

A

Karl Marx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

According to Bruce, what are the 5 main features of a New Age Religion?

A

Emphasis on Self, everything is connected, self is the final authority, Global Cafeteria, Therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify 2 characteristics of religious fundamentalism.

A

Traditional Beliefs, Them V Us Attitude, use of modern technology to spread message, Literalism, Aggressive Action, Patriarchy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is meant by the term sect?

A

A religious group that has broken away from a larger, established religious denomination, or movement, because of a set of beliefs that differ in some key way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 CUDOS norms?

A

Communism, Universalism, Disinterestedness, Organised Scepticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the inclusivist definition of religion?

A

Giddens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who regarding religion as “The gin of the masses”?

A

Lenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who refers to the “female prism” which all feminist perspectives on religion agree?

A

Abbott and Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who found that there are two main characteristics of those that join NRM’s: Social Grievance and a strong bond with those that recruited them?

A

Stark and Bainbridge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who said secularisation is a long-term decline in the power, popularity and prestige of religious beliefs and rituals.

A

Steve Bruce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three main types of NRM according to Wallis?

A

World Affirming, World Rejecting and World Accommodating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline three characteristics of a sect.

A

They are Not Bureaucratic& Hierarchical but are more Egalitarian, they are Radical in Nature, they withdraw from society, they have Closed/Controlled Membership, they are Intolerant of others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three categories of cult according to Stark and Bainbridge.

A

Audience, Client, Cultic Movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Outline three characteristics of a church.

A

They are Bureaucratic & Closely linked to the State, Conservative, They Integrate with the Social & Economic Structure of Society, they are Universalist with Open Membership, they tend to be Intolerant& Hegemonic, they make up the Ecclesia of a Country.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which gender is the biggest consumer of religion?

A

Female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Millenarian Movement?

A

Those that believe that a significant event will change the world and lead to 1000 years of blessedness for the saved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give one example where religion could be said to have brought about social change.

A

Civil Rights Movement, Latin America in the 1960’s, IranianRevolution1979, Poland in 1989

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Decline in what three areas could be said to be evidence of secularisation.

A

Practice, Belief and Power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an ideology?

A

A worldview or set of ideas and values.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who argues that the world is going through a ‘Spiritual Revolution’, what they called Resacralisation.

A

Heelas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who argue that NRMs emerge as a form of religious or social protest?

A

Stark and Glock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is meant by the term “Stained Glass Ceiling”?

A

Women are barred from the higher positions of power within mainstream religion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What four factors determine if religion is a conservative force or a force for social change according to McGuire & Robinson?

A

Nature and extent to religious belief, significance of religion in society, social involvement of religion, degree of central authority in religious organisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is one of the functions of religion according to Malinowski?

A

Psychological functions to help people overcome life-crisis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who is associated with the idea of a closed belief system?

A

Horton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Wallis defined which group as ‘life positive’ aiming to release human potential and to accept the world.

A

World Affirming Movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Who was the leader of the Peoples Temple?

A

Jim Jones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What term is used to explain how women are taught to be submissive, passive and obedient. Traits that are more compatible with religiosity?

A

Differential socialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is meant by the term religiosity?

A

The extent to which someone sees themselves as religious.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What term was used by Voas and Crockett to mean that older generations are more religious due to the time in which they were brought up?

A

Period Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Who examined duel identities of ethnic groups, noting a difference depending on the generation that was being questioned.

A

Momood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What were the three stages that Comte believed religion would inevitably pass through?

A

Theoretical, Metaphysical, Positivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who studied “Jesus in Disneyland”?

A

Lyon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who said that religion answered the ultimate questions and thus gave life meaning?

A

Yinger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What did Huntington explore?

A

Clash of Civilisations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is Animism?

A

The belief the spirits and ghosts can impact the human and natural world either positively or negatively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What did Berger mean by the Sacred Canopy?

A

Religion protects its believers from all dangers in the world. Religion comforts its followers by answering the big questions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a theistic religion?

A

A belief in a supernatural power, that could be a single entity or man entities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What did Polanyi mean by subsidiary explanations?

A

A series of ‘get-out’ clauses which a religious leader can use when challenged on their belief system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

A set of guidelines which define a theory or idea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Who studied the Azande tribe?

A

Evans-Pritchard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the core principals of science?

A

Pursuit of facts, Objectivity, Establishing cause and effect, reliable methods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What term is used to describe the changing of beliefs within a religion to remain relevant in the modern world?

A

Internal Secularisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the CUDOS norms?

A

Merton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In what way can religion be considered a closed belief system?

A

It holds a monopoly on the truth and doesn’t tolerate challenge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What did Popper mean by Falsification?

A

That theories and ideas are open to being proven wrong, and only become fact when they cannot be.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 7 civilisations according to Huntington?

A

Western, Islamic, Japanese, Slavic-Orthodox, Hindu, Confucian, Latin American

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the two types of world view according to Mannheim?

A

Ideological Thought and Utopian Thought

50
Q

What did Durkheim mean by the term Profane?

A

Things that are ordinary and mundane. They have no special meaning to an individual or society.

51
Q

What did Durkheim men by the cognitive functions of religion?

A

Religion gave its followers the intellectual capacity to understand the world around them, by giving meaning to concepts such as time, space and causation.

52
Q

Hamilton criticised functionalist views of religion claiming that religion also had dysfunctions. What two examples did he give to illustrate his point?

A

Religions as a cause of conflict and encouraging irrational thought.

53
Q

In what way does Engle argue that socialism and Christianity are similar?

A

They are both aimed at the poor and promise a better life for their followers.

54
Q

Marx suggested that religion supports capitalism in two ways. What are they?

A

Inequality is God-given and therefore unchangeable. Poverty is a test from God and will be compensated in the afterlife.

55
Q

Other than Christianity which other religion provides a good illustration of how Religion justifies inequality?

A

Hinduism and the Caste System

56
Q

Who claimed that religion has a duel character?

A

Bloch

57
Q

What did Bloch mean by religion having a duel character?

A

It could act as a conservative force as well as a principal of hope which could inspire social change.

58
Q

Who argued that the church can act as a safe outlet for frustration within a dictatorship?

A

Otto Maduro

59
Q

Which movement developed as a response to the Vatican’s failure to help its followers out of poverty in Latin America?

A

Liberation Theology Movement

60
Q

What are the three types of religious leadership according to Weber?

A

Charismatic Leader, Traditional Leader, Legal rational Leader

61
Q

What does the term Theodicies mean?

A

The different religious ideas that different social groups would create in order to understand and explain their experiences.

62
Q

What did Weber believe was the role of religion?

A

To meet the social and psychological needs of the population.

63
Q

What is meant by the term predestination?

A

The belief that God has already decided who will enter heaven and who will not and his decision is unchangeable.

64
Q

What are the 4 main beliefs of Calvinism?

A

Predestination, Divine transcendence, Asceticism, The value of work.

65
Q

Which group does Steve Bruce use to show how religious groups can try influence change but not always be successful?

A

The New Christian Right

66
Q

What two reasons does Bruce given to explain why the New Christian Right is unsuccessful in creating social change?

A

Negative Tone of the message, Lack of co-operation with wider society.

67
Q

Give three reasons that Bruce determines is the reason for the success of the American Civil Rights Movement.

A

Peaceful Protest, achieved public support, negotiated with opposition, shamed those with prejudicial values as being unchristian.

68
Q

Outline two ways in which religion could be seen as patriarchal.

A

God portrayed as a man, restricting women’s access to top levels in the religion’s hierarchy, depicting women as a bad influence within sacred texts.

69
Q

Who suggests that the only way equality can be achieved in monotheistic religion is to consider that God could be a woman.

A

Mary Daly

70
Q

Who suggests that Islam is not patriarchal in nature but Arab culture is which has led to patriarchal interpretations of the Qur’an.

A

El Saadawi

71
Q

Who coined the phrase “Stained Glass Ceiling”?

A

Karen Armstrong

72
Q

Why do Postmodernists see religion as a meta-narrative?

A

Because they claim to have a monopoly on the truth.

73
Q

What do postmodernists mean by ‘Spiritual Shoppers’?

A

Followers are rarely loyal to a single religion or movement but try out different ideas and beliefs to see what suits their identity at that time.

74
Q

What do postmodernists believe have replaced traditional religions?

A

New Age Movements

75
Q

Give two examples of a church as defined by Troeltsch.

A

Roman Catholics, Islam, Judaism etc.

76
Q

Which religious group is defined by Niebuhr as revolving around a charismatic leader who claims to be chosen by a supernatural being.

A

Sect

77
Q

What are the 5 types of sect according to Wilson?

A

Introversionist, Conversionist, Reformist, Manipulationist, Millenarian.

78
Q

Give two reasons for the short lifespan of a sect according to Neibuhr.

A

Loss of the leader, Children of the original members do not hold the same intensity of belief, movement develops into denomination, dilution of beliefs.

79
Q

Who suggested that the short lifespan of a sect is due to the sectarian cycle?

A

Stark and Bainbridge

80
Q

What are the 5 stages of the Sectarian Cycle?

A

Schism, Initial Fervour, Denominationalism, Establishment, Further Schism

81
Q

Give two reasons for the growth of new religious movements.

A

Marginalisation, relative deprivation, response to social change, practicality, postmodernism, status frustration, globalisation, secularisation.

82
Q

What are the three types of women identified by Woodhead in relation to religiosity and participation?

A

Home Centred, Work Centred, Jugglers.

83
Q

What type of religious organisations are Transcendental Meditation and Scientology?

A

Cults

84
Q

What are the 4 main Reasons for Ethnic minority Religiosity?

A

Cultural Defence, Cultural Transition, Social identity, Marginalisation.

85
Q

Which religious group is associated with Eastern philosophy and the promotion of self-spirituality?

A

New Age Movements

86
Q

Which social class is more likely to be lifelong theists according to Lawes?

A

Working-class

87
Q

According to Lawes who are most likely to be lifelong Atheists?

A

Middle class and university educated.

88
Q

What term is used to describe the phenomenon that people who are closer to the end of their life are more religious.

A

Aging Effect

89
Q

What three reasons are given for the decline in religiosity in young people?

A

Lack of religious socialisation, individualism, ritualism and tradition.

90
Q

Who claims that women are more religious than men due to them being involved in the creation of life?

A

Walter and Davie

91
Q

How does Wilson define the term secularisation?

A

The process whereby religious beliefs, practices and institutions lose their social significance.

92
Q

What three areas are looked at when measuring secularisation?

A

Religious Belief, Religious participation, Religious Power.

93
Q

Who argues that decline in public religious practices doesn’t equate to decline in religious belief?

A

Davie

94
Q

Hervieu-Leger argues that two types of believer have been created by religious pluralism. What are they?

A

The Pilgrim and The Convert

95
Q

Who argues that fundamentalism is a unique feature of monotheism?

A

Bruce

96
Q

What does Giddens mean when he refers to Cosmopolitanism?

A

A way of thinking that embraces modernity, is open to alternative views and modifies beliefs based on new ideas.

97
Q

What is meant by the term Crisis of credibility?

A

Religions which claim monopoly on the truth are competing and contradicting each other leading to people not knowing who to believe.

98
Q

What term did Parson’s use to explain how some functions of the church have been taken over by other social institutions?

A

Structural Differentiation

99
Q

What did Weber mean by Desacralisation of Consciousness?

A

The loss of the ability to experience a sense of sacredness or the mystery of life.

100
Q

What is the cause of third world fundamentalism according to Bruce?

A

A reaction to external influences particularly westernisation.

101
Q

What does Davie mean when she refers to Secular Fundamentalism?

A

The adherence to anti-religious ideology that militantly ridicules, mocks, scorns and satirizes the idea of the existence of a deity or deities and or religion

102
Q

Who studied Hinduism in India and how it helped economic growth in the country?

A

Nanda

103
Q

What are the three main definitions of religion?

A

Substantive, Functional, Inclusive

104
Q

How can religion be considered an open belief system?

A

They have adapted their core beliefs in order to be relevant in the modern world. Herberg refers to this as internal secularisation.

105
Q

What term does Durkheim use to describe the shared understanding of the norms, morals and values that promote a sense of belonging in society?

A

Collective Consciousness

106
Q

Who studied the Trobriand Tribe of Papua New Guinea and how they used religion to overcome grief and uncertainty?

A

Malinowski

107
Q

Who said that there was no need for religion in a socialist society?

A

Engels

108
Q

Which country is predicted to be the most Christian nation by 2030?

A

China

109
Q

Who suggested that the more vulnerable are more likely to be religious as they are less secure in predicting their future.

A

Norris and Inglehart

110
Q

Who talks about theodicies of fortune and misfortune?

A

Christiano and Swatos

111
Q

What is the Protestant Work Ethic?

A

An emphasis on hard work, discipline and frugality.

112
Q

Who discusses the Decline in Metanarratives & the Fragmentation of Belief as a cause of secularisation?

A

Lyotard and Bauman

113
Q

Which two sects does Aldridge use to show that not all Sects are short lived?

A

Jehovah’s witness and Amish

114
Q

Which two types of sect does Wilson suggest will not survive in a denominational form?

A

Introversionist &Advent

115
Q

What are three of the characteristics of a Cult?

A

They have a Loose Structure, they emphasise Opportunity & Success, they expect followers to continue living Normal Lives, they have Open-Membership & are Tolerant of other Religions, may not be religious in nature, See their members as customers /consumers

116
Q

Peoples temple, Hare Krishna and The Moonies are all examples of what?

A

Sects

117
Q

Who is associated with the concept of civil religion?

A

Bellah

118
Q

Who argues the religions have a history of preventing revolution and used the Methodist church to illustrate this?

A

Halvey

119
Q

What does Bruce suggest is the key to achieving social change through religion?

A

Integration into the population through shared liberal values.

120
Q

What does the term Alienation mean?

A

A lack of connection or feeling of distance from what a person is doing.

NEW AQA Sociology Shortened Cards at PHS (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions