EDU 112 midterm Flashcards
A type of socialization: the process by which a subordinate group adopts
the culture of the dominant group. This is either done voluntarily or,
most often, by coercion (the latter is more prevalent in schooling).
assimilation
An official credential, often called a license, indicating that an individual
is qualified to teach a certain grade and/or subject in a particular state.
certification
The material/subject matter that is taught during a stage of schooling.
curriculum
the transmission of knowledge
education
The grades and test scores that an individual receives.
educational achievement
The amount of formal education that an individual has completed.
educational attainment
The study of teaching; the focus is on how to teach, not what to teach.
pedagogy
Written documents or other artifacts that were created during the time
period being studied. They can include oral testimonies
primary sources
Systematic education, typically of children/youth, by a non-family
individual(s) who performs that role/job for a community or larger
group/entity; schooling usually occurs at specific locations outside the
home.
schooling
Analyses or interpretations of primary sources that are produced at
varying points after the creation of those primary sources.
secondary sources
When an individual internalizes the customs or patterns of a particular
group or society; the process of learning what is right and wrong.
socialization
The gradual development of schools in early America was a response to social changes, particularly the breakdown of patriarchal authority in the family and the diminishing authority of religious institutions (churches).
bernard bailyns thesis
General trend in literacy rates in the late 1500s?
Significant gains for male literacy rates between 1560-1580:
Small landholders: from 45% to 70%
Tradesmen: from 45% to 60%
Farmers: from 10% to 30%
Literacy rates for women could be as low as 10%
what did children’s early learning consist of?
parents taught children: behavior, manners, religious beliefs, practices, obedience, authority
Small fee, usually taught by a housewife in her home
Mostly boys (ages 5-7), but girls could attend
Basic reading/writing, behavior, and catechisms (religious Q & As)
petty schools
what was the most important subject taught in english grammar school?
Latin
what where the ambivalent attitudes toward education in england?
Optimism - that investments in schooling (educational opportunities) would produce better citizens, more capable public servants, & stauncher Protestants (= more stability)
Pessimism -that increased educational opportunities would foster social discontent, political protests, & heretical thinking (= less stability)
Literacy is made a top priority
1642: Local officials had to ensure that parents were educating their children (and apprentices)
old deluder law
places of instruction where young ladies could learn household arts.
dame schools
drills the idea that kids need to have an education because their actions will affect the fate of american history.
cotton mather’s “the education of children”
what are the oldest public schools and oldest university in the US?
Boston Latin School, Harvard
teaching aid consisting of a leaf of paper showing the alphabet, and often the ten digits and the Lord’s Prayer, mounted on a wooden tablet and protected by a thin plate of horn.
Hornbook
the first reading primer designed for the American colonies. It became the most successful educational textbook published in 17th-century colonial United States and it became the foundation of most schooling before the 1790s
new england primer
Short periods of schooling spaced out over many years
Sprawl typical until the mid-19th century
educational sprawl
north versus south
Great Puritan Migration (1630)
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Literacy enables knowledge of the scriptures
what impact did evangelism have on some slaves and free blacks? Why did some slave owners consider this a problem?
Some enslavers and clergy believed that slaves should be converted to Christianity
Conversion involved religious instruction
Had to be literate enough to learn catechisms
Catechism, at a minimum: Apostles’ Creed, Lord’s Prayer, and Ten Commandments
schools for enslaved and free blacks in the north. Initial learning was memorization and recitation, pro-slavery views were taught
bray schools
Established by the NY Manumission Society
First school for free Blacks
Boys and girls (some parents were slaves)
Hours: 9:00-12:00 & 2:00-5:00
Math, writing, & reading were taught—boys also learned navigation, girls sewing
New York American Free School
Indians forced into walled missions or isolated settlements (rancherias)
Children sometimes separated from their parents
Could leave only when they were deemed ready to do so
Convert Indians to Catholicism & make them loyal Spanish citizens
The mission system
Dartmouth was initially founded for what purpose?
for education of indians
Established (Cornwall, CT) by the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions
Taught Christianity & Western culture to students from non-Christian cultures (Hawaii, China, India, & American Indians)
Was as “The Heathen School”
foreign mission school
In terms of national identity, what were schools supposed to teach?
Republics valued liberty not tyranny, Americans must guard against to monarchical forms of government
his American Spelling Book (1783) and his American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vol. (1828; 2nd ed., 1840).Dec 20, 2023
Noah Webster
Brought to America from England by Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838)
“Monitors” (the best students) helped with instruction
They would teach small groups of their peers
This method foreshadowed peer tutoring.
Monitorial Schools
Originated in England by Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Early version of pre-schooling
For children ages 4-6 who would need to begin work at age 8
Revived in the 1850s as kindergarten
Infant Schools
Begun in England by Robert Raikes (1736-1811) in 1780
Taught children on Sundays who had to work on the other six days of the week
Gradually (the 1830s), these schools refocused on religious instruction
Sunday Schools
Made common school movement
Horace Mann
expansion of educational opportunities, free schooling through grade 6
Common School Movement
Immigrant populations increasing, esp. Irish Catholics
Anti-Irish and anti-Catholic bigotry very common
School textbooks contained anti-immigrant bigotry
Bible wars
What was the main consequence of bible wars in NYC and other cities?
Schools operated by the NY Public School Society
Schools were religiously neutral
No Protestant denomination would be favored
Catholic theology/practices excluded
laws passed against schooling slaves, first only prohibited teaching writing, wanted to convert to Christianity, then prohibited teaching reading
Slave laws
What were reasons that slaveholders feared literate slaves?
More uprisings (easier to communicate)
Slaves could forge passes/other documents
Could read abolitionist literature
Slaves would see slavery as a curse, not a “blessing”
Increased empowerment & autonomy for slaves
what was the first college for black people?
Lincoln University
Born in TN in the 1760s/1770s
Mother was Cherokee, paternal grandfather was white
Though illiterate, he perceived the importance that whites placed on written language
Also understood the usefulness of a written language
Sequoyah
Indians did not have formal institutions for schooling
Children educated by parents & tribe
They learned by working alongside adults
They were given greater responsibilities as they got older
Most tribes had strict gender roles
American Indian education
what were some of the factors limiting female schooling?
Inappropriate for girls/women to receive the same amount of schooling as boys/men
What girls needed to know (how to be a wife and mother) could be learned from other women
Single women and children (of both sexes) supplied cheap labor for factories and other workplaces
founded Troy Female Seminary, first female college
Emma Willard
first female college, changed to Emma Willard School and is still running
Troy female seminary
founded American women’s education associations, trains teachers for frontier schools to “civilize” the young
Catherine Beecher
Federal government gave land to the states (much of the land was either stolen from Indians or bought for far too little from them)
Morrill Act of 1862
womens colleges, and then comprehensive universities
Normal Schools
four academic tracks in high school
- College preparatory program
- Commercial or business program (white collar, secretarial skills)
- industrial, vocational, home economics, & agricultural program
- General diploma
Why were junior high schools created?
stronger academic prep for high school
