EDU 112 midterm

Question 1

A type of socialization: the process by which a subordinate group adopts
the culture of the dominant group. This is either done voluntarily or,
most often, by coercion (the latter is more prevalent in schooling).

Answer 1

assimilation

Question 2

An official credential, often called a license, indicating that an individual
is qualified to teach a certain grade and/or subject in a particular state.

Answer 2

certification

Question 3

The material/subject matter that is taught during a stage of schooling.

Answer 3

curriculum

Question 4

the transmission of knowledge

Answer 4

education

Question 5

The grades and test scores that an individual receives.

Answer 5

educational achievement

Question 6

The amount of formal education that an individual has completed.

Answer 6

educational attainment

Question 7

The study of teaching; the focus is on how to teach, not what to teach.

Answer 7

pedagogy

Question 8

Written documents or other artifacts that were created during the time
period being studied. They can include oral testimonies

Answer 8

primary sources

Question 9

Systematic education, typically of children/youth, by a non-family
individual(s) who performs that role/job for a community or larger
group/entity; schooling usually occurs at specific locations outside the
home.

Answer 9

schooling

Question 10

Analyses or interpretations of primary sources that are produced at
varying points after the creation of those primary sources.

Answer 10

secondary sources

Question 11

When an individual internalizes the customs or patterns of a particular
group or society; the process of learning what is right and wrong.

Answer 11

socialization

Question 12

The gradual development of schools in early America was a response to social changes, particularly the breakdown of patriarchal authority in the family and the diminishing authority of religious institutions (churches).

Answer 12

bernard bailyns thesis

Question 13

General trend in literacy rates in the late 1500s?

Answer 13

Significant gains for male literacy rates between 1560-1580:
Small landholders: from 45% to 70%
Tradesmen: from 45% to 60%
Farmers: from 10% to 30%
Literacy rates for women could be as low as 10%

Question 14

what did children’s early learning consist of?

Answer 14

parents taught children: behavior, manners, religious beliefs, practices, obedience, authority

Question 15

Small fee, usually taught by a housewife in her home
Mostly boys (ages 5-7), but girls could attend
Basic reading/writing, behavior, and catechisms (religious Q & As)

Answer 15

petty schools

Question 16

what was the most important subject taught in english grammar school?

Answer 16

Latin

Question 17

what where the ambivalent attitudes toward education in england?

Answer 17

Optimism - that investments in schooling (educational opportunities) would produce better citizens, more capable public servants, & stauncher Protestants (= more stability)

Pessimism -that increased educational opportunities would foster social discontent, political protests, & heretical thinking (= less stability)

Question 18

Literacy is made a top priority

1642: Local officials had to ensure that parents were educating their children (and apprentices)

Answer 18

old deluder law

Question 19

places of instruction where young ladies could learn household arts.

Answer 19

dame schools

Question 20

drills the idea that kids need to have an education because their actions will affect the fate of american history.

Answer 20

cotton mather’s “the education of children”

Question 21

what are the oldest public schools and oldest university in the US?

Answer 21

Boston Latin School, Harvard

Question 22

teaching aid consisting of a leaf of paper showing the alphabet, and often the ten digits and the Lord’s Prayer, mounted on a wooden tablet and protected by a thin plate of horn.

Answer 22

Hornbook

Question 23

the first reading primer designed for the American colonies. It became the most successful educational textbook published in 17th-century colonial United States and it became the foundation of most schooling before the 1790s

Answer 23

new england primer

Question 24

Short periods of schooling spaced out over many years
Sprawl typical until the mid-19th century

Answer 24

educational sprawl

Question 25

north versus south

Answer 25

Great Puritan Migration (1630)
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Literacy enables knowledge of the scriptures

Question 26

what impact did evangelism have on some slaves and free blacks? Why did some slave owners consider this a problem?

Answer 26

Some enslavers and clergy believed that slaves should be converted to Christianity
Conversion involved religious instruction
Had to be literate enough to learn catechisms
Catechism, at a minimum: Apostles’ Creed, Lord’s Prayer, and Ten Commandments

Question 27

schools for enslaved and free blacks in the north. Initial learning was memorization and recitation, pro-slavery views were taught

Answer 27

bray schools

Question 28

Established by the NY Manumission Society
First school for free Blacks
Boys and girls (some parents were slaves)
Hours: 9:00-12:00 & 2:00-5:00
Math, writing, & reading were taught—boys also learned navigation, girls sewing

Answer 28

New York American Free School

Question 29

Indians forced into walled missions or isolated settlements (rancherias)
Children sometimes separated from their parents
Could leave only when they were deemed ready to do so
Convert Indians to Catholicism & make them loyal Spanish citizens

Answer 29

The mission system

Question 30

Dartmouth was initially founded for what purpose?

Answer 30

for education of indians

Question 31

Established (Cornwall, CT) by the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions
Taught Christianity & Western culture to students from non-Christian cultures (Hawaii, China, India, & American Indians)
Was as “The Heathen School”

Answer 31

foreign mission school

Question 32

In terms of national identity, what were schools supposed to teach?

Answer 32

Republics valued liberty not tyranny, Americans must guard against to monarchical forms of government

Question 33

his American Spelling Book (1783) and his American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vol. (1828; 2nd ed., 1840).Dec 20, 2023

Answer 33

Noah Webster

Question 34

Brought to America from England by Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838)
“Monitors” (the best students) helped with instruction
They would teach small groups of their peers
This method foreshadowed peer tutoring.

Answer 34

Monitorial Schools

Question 35

Originated in England by Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Early version of pre-schooling
For children ages 4-6 who would need to begin work at age 8
Revived in the 1850s as kindergarten

Answer 35

Infant Schools

Question 36

Begun in England by Robert Raikes (1736-1811) in 1780
Taught children on Sundays who had to work on the other six days of the week
Gradually (the 1830s), these schools refocused on religious instruction

Answer 36

Sunday Schools

Question 37

Made common school movement

Answer 37

Horace Mann

Question 38

expansion of educational opportunities, free schooling through grade 6

Answer 38

Common School Movement

Question 39

Immigrant populations increasing, esp. Irish Catholics
Anti-Irish and anti-Catholic bigotry very common
School textbooks contained anti-immigrant bigotry

Answer 39

Bible wars

Question 40

What was the main consequence of bible wars in NYC and other cities?

Answer 40

Schools operated by the NY Public School Society
Schools were religiously neutral
No Protestant denomination would be favored
Catholic theology/practices excluded

Question 41

laws passed against schooling slaves, first only prohibited teaching writing, wanted to convert to Christianity, then prohibited teaching reading

Answer 41

Slave laws

Question 42

What were reasons that slaveholders feared literate slaves?

Answer 42

More uprisings (easier to communicate)
Slaves could forge passes/other documents
Could read abolitionist literature
Slaves would see slavery as a curse, not a “blessing”
Increased empowerment & autonomy for slaves

Question 43

what was the first college for black people?

Answer 43

Lincoln University

Question 44

Born in TN in the 1760s/1770s
Mother was Cherokee, paternal grandfather was white
Though illiterate, he perceived the importance that whites placed on written language
Also understood the usefulness of a written language

Answer 44

Sequoyah

Question 45

Indians did not have formal institutions for schooling
Children educated by parents & tribe
They learned by working alongside adults
They were given greater responsibilities as they got older
Most tribes had strict gender roles

Answer 45

American Indian education

Question 46

what were some of the factors limiting female schooling?

Answer 46

Inappropriate for girls/women to receive the same amount of schooling as boys/men
What girls needed to know (how to be a wife and mother) could be learned from other women
Single women and children (of both sexes) supplied cheap labor for factories and other workplaces

Question 47

founded Troy Female Seminary, first female college

Answer 47

Emma Willard

Question 48

first female college, changed to Emma Willard School and is still running

Answer 48

Troy female seminary

Question 49

founded American women’s education associations, trains teachers for frontier schools to “civilize” the young

Answer 49

Catherine Beecher

Question 50

Federal government gave land to the states (much of the land was either stolen from Indians or bought for far too little from them)

Answer 50

Morrill Act of 1862

Question 51

womens colleges, and then comprehensive universities

Answer 51

Normal Schools

Question 52

four academic tracks in high school

Answer 52

• College preparatory program
• Commercial or business program (white collar, secretarial skills)
• industrial, vocational, home economics, & agricultural program
• General diploma

Question 53

Why were junior high schools created?

Answer 53

stronger academic prep for high school