ED211Voc Flashcards
is usually considered the core of a language’s grammar,
Syntax
refers to the complete system of phonological, morphological, syntactic
and semantic information and rules that speakers of a given language possess.
‘grammar’
What are phrases
“Grammatical building blocks”
The noun itself serves as a “simple subject” (head noun)
Noun phrase
(T or F )Serves as the main structure of the predicate and includes the main verb, any auxiliary forms attached, and any modifiers.- Verb Phrase
T
Example of a verb phrase
The boy “came”., Sheila “will be leaving” shortly., He “should have told” her about the results.,
Group of two or more words that begins with a preposition , the preposition itself is the head of the prepositional phrase, can function as adverbially or adjectivally
Prepositional phrase
Example of prepositional phrase
“Put the oranges “in the basket”, She said she gave it “to her”., I’ll stop by “on Friday”., The bananas “in the basket” are for you.
Adjective phrases
The adjective serves as the head of the phrase and may at times be the only component in the adjective phrase
Example of adjective phrase
She has “outlandish” taste in clothing…The test is “expensive”. The tuition was “expensive enough”.
Example of Adverb phrases
I read “daily”, “Rather quickly”, panic set in, She smiled “quite brilliantly” for the camera.
2 types of subject complements
Predicate adjective and predicate nominative
Intransitive verbs
Action verbs with no complements
Phrases, consist of a group of words that are unified by meaning
Clauses
Adverb, adjective and noun clause
Types of Dependent clauses
Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (ex: Ken, “that boy I like”, called me)
Dependent clauses
Independent clauses
Main clauses (ex: Ken called me.)
Adverb clauses
Answer where questions (I need more coffee “before the day begins”)
Noun clauses
Modify nouns and pronouns in an independent clause (the boy “who keeps calling” is driving ,e crazy .)
Subordinating conjunction
Nominal clauses, finite clauses (“What I believe” is not important
predicate is used in a number of different ways in traditional grammar,
school grammar books and formal linguistics.
For example, in ancient grammar
‘predicate’ refers to everything in a sentence apart from the subject.
the noun or pronoun about which the sentence predicates (says) something; the noun or pronoun that does the action of the finite verb
subject
case
for a noun, the form that shows the use/function in a sentence
Indirect Object
Object refers to some person
Exp : the teacher taught ram history.
Ram and history are both object of the verb taught. ram is the indirect object and history is the direct object.
Object refers to some thing is…
Direct Object
When a noun shows possession
Mira’s bag is on the table.
(‘ apostrophe) used to show possession
Possessive case
(T or F)transitive verbs
This means that there is a strong tendency for objects to be obligatorily present.
Verbs that need an object are called transitive verbs,
T
intransitive verbs
verbs that cannot take
an object (e.g. sleep, laugh) are called intransitive verbs. However, there are
sometimes sentences, in which even transitive verbs can do without an overtly
expressed object.
Traditionally, adverbials are defined
as constituents that provide information about the circumstances of the
action denoted by the verb and its subject and object(s). Adverbials are thus modifiers
of the clause or the verb phrase.
adverbial (or adjunct).
Run-on sentences are sentences that contain too many ideas without proper punctuation. ( T or F )
T
Let’s look at how a simple sentence – like “Jim is cold” – incorporates subject, action and complete thought. In this sentence
- There is asubject: Jim.
- There is anaction: “Is,” which is a form of the verb “to be.” In this case, Jim is doing the action of “being cold.”
- There is acomplete thought: The purpose of this sentence is to tell the reader that Jim is cold.
Types of Run-on Sentences
Comma splice , fused sentence and polysyndeton are the most common run one sentences
Run-on sentences come in many different varieties. Here are three of the most common types:
- A comma splice happens when a comma, rather than a semicolon, has been used to join independent clauses.
- A fused sentence mashes two main clauses together with no punctuation at all.
- Polysyndeton refers to the use of more conjunctions than a sentence requires.
Kelly likes to cook, she makes chicken every day.
This is a classiccomma splice. “Kelly likes to cook” is an independent clause that can stand by itself. “She makes chicken every day” is also an independent clause that could stand by itself. Joining these two clausescalls for a semicolon, not a comma:
Kelly likes to cook; she makes chicken every day.
This exemplifies afused sentence: two independent clauses written together without any punctuation or conjunction to separate them. All that’s necessary to fix this sentence is to insert the proper punctuation. Both of the following are valid ways of rewriting the same sentence.
Mary likes dogs; she has a beagle.
Mary likes dogs. She has a beagle.
This ispolysyndeton: the use of excessive conjunctions to extend the length of the sentence.
In this case, the word “and” is overused. Sometimes, the overuse of conjunctions like “and” is a deliberate rhetorical choice. Most of the time, however, it’s a simple error with an even simpler fix: divide the statement into separate sentences with a bit of punctuation:
We went to the park. Then, we ate dinner and got ice cream. When it got dark, we chased fireflies.
Mary likes dogs; she has a beagle.
fused sentence
Mary likes dogs. She has a beagle. ( T or F)
T its a fused sentence
can “and” be overused ? ( T or F)
T can be overused in polysyndenton
Joining these two clausescalls for
semi colon
