Ch.3

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

is the study of the abstract categories

that organize the sound system of a language.

Question 2

spectrogram

Answer 2

a spectrogram is a graphic representation
of the frequency distribution of the complex jumble of sound waves that
give the hearing impression of speech sounds.

Question 3

distribution

Answer 3

different positions in which a speech sound can occur or cannot
occur in the words of a language.

Question 4

minimal pairs.

Answer 4

minimal pair is a pair of words which

differ in only one sound, but differ in meaning

Question 5

Neutralisation

Answer 5

here refers to the fact that in a particular context, a

contrast between phonemes becomes invisible.

Question 6

Neutralisation of the voicing contrast in German:

Answer 6

[d] in Räder

[t] in Rad

[t] in Rat

[t] in Räte

Question 7

final devoicing.

Answer 7

final devoicing provides one of the most notorious

pitfalls when learning the pronunciation of the new language.

Question 8

voiceless stops of English

Answer 8

/p/, /t/ and /k/.

Question 9

aspiration

Answer 9

aspirated stops

Question 10

syllabic consonants

Answer 10

occupy the central part of the syllable are termed

Question 11

nucleus

Answer 11

Our ‘slot for a vowel’In English, the nucleus can be filled by a vowel, a diphthong,
or a syllabic consonant.

Question 12

onset

Answer 12

the prevocalic slot

Question 13

coda

Answer 13

postvocalic slot

Question 14

syllabification

Answer 14

Assigning syllable structure to words

Question 15

clear l

Answer 15

non-velarised realisation

Question 16

Dark I

Answer 16

is what is called a velarised

realisation of /l/, also termed

Question 17

the physical realisation of a speech sound like the voiceless or the
voiced alveolar approximant is a

Answer 17

phone

Question 18

Phones which function as alternant realisations

of the same phoneme are called

Answer 18

allophones of the phoneme

Question 19

Word pairs like wrap and lap or

wrap and map are called

Answer 19

minimal pairs

Question 20

speakers can choose which allophone they use.

Answer 20

free variation

Question 21

symbol ‘#’

Answer 21

to designate a word boundary,

and a line (‘ ’) to designate the position which interests us.

Question 22

Here both /t/ and

/d/ can be realised as [ɾ], a process which is also known in the literature as

Answer 22

flapping

Question 23

three major types of allophones:

Answer 23

an unreleased, an aspirated

(released) and a non-aspirated (released) allophone

Question 24

elements of linguistic structure,

the elements that make up a syllable are termed

Answer 24

constituents

Question 25

Consonants which occupy the central part of the syllable

Answer 25

syllabic consonants.