Chapter 4

Question 1

one or more sounds or letters occurring as a bond form attached to the begging middle of a word, base, or phrase or inserted within a word or base and serving to produce a derivative.

Answer 1

Affix

Question 2

is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base. … Affixes mark derivational (-er in teach-er) and inflectional (-s in teacher-s) changes, and affixation is the most common strategy that human languages employ for derivation of new words and word forms.

Answer 2

Affixation

Question 3

a grammatical process in which words are composed of a sequence of morphemes (meaningful word elements), each of which represents not more than a single grammatical category.

Answer 3

agglutinating language

Question 4

one of a set of forms that morpheme may take in different contexts
example- // the s of cats, the -en of oxen

Answer 4

allomorph

Question 5

the occurrence of different allomorphs or allophones

Answer 5

alternation

Question 6

ambiguity

Answer 6

a word or expression that can be understood in two or more possible ways: an ambiguous word or expression

Question 7

analytic language

Answer 7

characterized by the use of function words rather than inflectional forms to express grammatical realtionships.

Question 8

bound morpheme-

Answer 8

is a word element that cannot stand alone as a word, including both prefixes and suffixes.

Question 9

bound root

Answer 9

is a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme. Permit, submit ,admit

Question 10

closed lexical

Answer 10

category- rarely acquire new members. Closed lexical categories include pronouns, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Question 11

compounding

Answer 11

is the process of combining two words

Question 12

conjunction

Answer 12

• is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions.

Question 13

A content morpheme

Answer 13

or contentive morpheme is a root that forms the semantic core of a major class word. Content morphemes have lexical denotations that are not dependent on the context or on other morphemes.

Question 14

Content words

Answer 14

are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content word

Question 15

Derivation

Answer 15

is the formation of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem. It typically occurs by the addition of an affix.

Question 16

Determiner

Answer 16

-a modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has, for example a, the, every.

Question 17

can be described as “what a word, phrase, or clause looks like.” Traditional grammars refer to grammatical forms as “parts of speech.”

Answer 17

form

Question 18

(or word element) that can stand alone as a word. It is also called an unbound morpheme or a free-standing morpheme

Answer 18

free morpheme

Question 19

functional morpheme

Answer 19

(as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning. Functional morpheme are generally considered a closed class, which means that new functional morphemes cannot normally be created.

Question 20

words include determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals, qualifiers, and question words.

Answer 20

Function

Question 21

fusional language

Answer 21

is a language in which one form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings. Discussion: Fusional languages may have a large number of morphemes in each word, but morpheme boundaries are difficult to identify because the morphemes are fused together.

Question 22

structure refers to a company’s chain of command, typically from senior management and executives to general employees.

Answer 22

hierarchical structure

Question 23

Homophony

Answer 23

is when a set of words are pronounced identically, but have different meanings.

Question 24

incorporation

Answer 24

is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object (object incorporation) or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.

Question 25

infix

Answer 25

is a word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word—rather than at its beginning or end—to create a new word or intensify meaning

Question 26

formerly flection or accidence, in linguistics, the change in the form of a word.

Answer 26

Inflection

Question 27

Input

Answer 27

Any written or spoken language that the learner encounters that may be used to construct linguistic knowledge. "Good" input is said to be comprehensible and meaning-bearing

Question 28

of words (more precisely lexical items), generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question, such as noun or verb.

Answer 28

A linguistic category

Question 29

Lexicon

Answer 29

the special vocabulary of a particular author, field of study, etc. Morpheme- is the smallest unit in a language that still has meaning.

Question 30

Morphology

Answer 30

is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

Question 31

open lexical category

Answer 31

is open if the new word and the original word belong to the same category.

Question 32

output

Answer 32

refers to speaking and writting

Question 33

Partial reduplication

Answer 33

involves a reduplication of only part of the word. For example, Marshallese forms words meaning 'to wear X' by reduplicating the last consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) sequence of a base.

Question 34

polysynthetic language

Answer 34

- is a very synthetic language, which is linguistic terminology for a language where there is a high morpheme-to-word ratio.

Question 35

prefix

Answer 35

is an affix that is placed before the stem of a word.

Question 36

Prepositions

Answer 36

and postpositions, together called adpositions, are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations or mark various semantic roles.

Question 37

productivity

Answer 37

is the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.

Question 38

pronoun

Answer 38

is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form.

Question 39

reduplication

Answer 39

is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or ... A reduplicant can copy from either the left edge of a word (left-to- right copying) or from the right edge (right-to-left copying)

Question 40

is a word that does not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word.

Answer 40

root

Question 41

is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.

Answer 41

affix

Question 42

is a part of a word used with slightly different meanings and would depend on the morphology of the language in question.

Answer 42

stem

Question 43

suffix

Answer 43

is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs.suffix

Question 44

suppletion

Answer 44

is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word, such as the adjective