Chapter 4 Flashcards
one or more sounds or letters occurring as a bond form attached to the begging middle of a word, base, or phrase or inserted within a word or base and serving to produce a derivative.
Affix
is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base. … Affixes mark derivational (-er in teach-er) and inflectional (-s in teacher-s) changes, and affixation is the most common strategy that human languages employ for derivation of new words and word forms.
Affixation
a grammatical process in which words are composed of a sequence of morphemes (meaningful word elements), each of which represents not more than a single grammatical category.
agglutinating language
one of a set of forms that morpheme may take in different contexts
example- // the s of cats, the -en of oxen
allomorph
the occurrence of different allomorphs or allophones
alternation
ambiguity
a word or expression that can be understood in two or more possible ways: an ambiguous word or expression
analytic language
characterized by the use of function words rather than inflectional forms to express grammatical realtionships.
bound morpheme-
is a word element that cannot stand alone as a word, including both prefixes and suffixes.
bound root
is a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme. Permit, submit ,admit
closed lexical
category- rarely acquire new members. Closed lexical categories include pronouns, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions.
compounding
is the process of combining two words
conjunction
- is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions.
A content morpheme
or contentive morpheme is a root that forms the semantic core of a major class word. Content morphemes have lexical denotations that are not dependent on the context or on other morphemes.
Content words
are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content word
Derivation
is the formation of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem. It typically occurs by the addition of an affix.
Determiner
-a modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has, for example a, the, every.
can be described as “what a word, phrase, or clause looks like.” Traditional grammars refer to grammatical forms as “parts of speech.”
form
(or word element) that can stand alone as a word. It is also called an unbound morpheme or a free-standing morpheme
free morpheme
functional morpheme
(as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning. Functional morpheme are generally considered a closed class, which means that new functional morphemes cannot normally be created.
words include determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals, qualifiers, and question words.
Function
fusional language
is a language in which one form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings. Discussion: Fusional languages may have a large number of morphemes in each word, but morpheme boundaries are difficult to identify because the morphemes are fused together.
structure refers to a company’s chain of command, typically from senior management and executives to general employees.
hierarchical structure
Homophony
is when a set of words are pronounced identically, but have different meanings.
incorporation
is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object (object incorporation) or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.
infix
is a word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word—rather than at its beginning or end—to create a new word or intensify meaning
formerly flection or accidence, in linguistics, the change in the form of a word.
Inflection
Input
Any written or spoken language that the learner encounters that may be used to construct linguistic knowledge. “Good” input is said to be comprehensible and meaning-bearing
of words (more precisely lexical items), generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question, such as noun or verb.
A linguistic category
Lexicon
the special vocabulary of a particular author, field of study, etc.
Morpheme- is the smallest unit in a language that still has meaning.
Morphology
is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.
open lexical category
is open if the new word and the original word belong to the same category.
output
refers to speaking and writting
Partial reduplication
involves a reduplication of only part of the word. For example, Marshallese forms words meaning ‘to wear X’ by reduplicating the last consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) sequence of a base.
polysynthetic language
- is a very synthetic language, which is linguistic terminology for a language where there is a high morpheme-to-word ratio.
prefix
is an affix that is placed before the stem of a word.
Prepositions
and postpositions, together called adpositions, are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations or mark various semantic roles.
productivity
is the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.
pronoun
is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form.
reduplication
is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or … A reduplicant can copy from either the left edge of a word (left-to- right copying) or from the right edge (right-to-left copying)
is a word that does not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word.
root
is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
affix
is a part of a word used with slightly different meanings and would depend on the morphology of the language in question.
stem
suffix
is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs.suffix
suppletion
is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word, such as the adjective
