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Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of tropical rainforest soils

A

High in nutrients thin layer in the humus
Very deep (many layers )

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2
Q

How does the climate affect the soil in the TRF

A

The climate is very hot so the rate of decomposition happens quicker as a result. This means that there is more nutrients in the thin layer of the soil compared to a colder climate

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3
Q

Explain how lianas has adapted to the TRF

A

Lianas grow up other trees to reach the sunlight to photosynthesise this is because there is a high amount of competition for sunlight on the forest floor

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4
Q

Why does energy get lost between each layer of the food web

A

Temperature
Excretion
Movement

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5
Q

How has the pitcher plant adapted

A

Lure animals in by having nectar inside

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6
Q

Conditions plants will have to adapt to in rainforest

A

Little sunlight
Lots of rainfall
Humid
Poor soil fertility

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7
Q

How are buttress roots adapted

A

Roots spread above ground with shallow roots and a wide base this helps them with stability. The shallow roots mean they can get nutrients from the top layer of the soil

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8
Q

How are drip tips adapted

A

Enable the rain to run off quickly this will help avoid growth of bacteria and fungus

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9
Q

What does interdependence mean

A

The mutual dependence between components of the ecosystem

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10
Q

What does biotic mean

A

Living thing (animals and plants )

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11
Q

What is abiotic

A

No living things (rocks, water)

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12
Q

Adaptation of the mantid

A

Born with exceptional eyesight so they can see predators and prey easily

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13
Q

Name the layers of the tropical rainforest in order (bottom to top)

A

Forest floor, under canopy, canopy, emergent layer

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14
Q

What is the forest floor

A

Dead plants and animal matter decompose
Warm humid
Only 2% of sunlight reaches here

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15
Q

What is the under canopy

A

Only 5% of sunlight reaches here
Young trees
Little wind

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16
Q

What is the canopy

A

Contains majority of large trees
Most biodiversity lives here

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17
Q

What is the emergent layer

A

Hot temp strong winds
Small no of trees

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18
Q

Layers of the soil

A

Litter, humus, a horizon , b horizon, c horizon

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19
Q

What is the litter layer

A

Bundle of leaves, sticks, dead plants and animals

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20
Q

What is the humus layer

A

Very thin layer
Broken down litter decomposed
Very fertile

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21
Q

What is the A horizon

A

Dry
Nutrient poor
Orange in colour from being rich in iron

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22
Q

What is the B horizon

A

Dry, nutrient poor
Orange in colour from being rich in iron

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23
Q

What is C horizon

A

Weathered eroded rock

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24
Q

What percentage of worlds oxygen comes from rainforests

A

28%

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25
What percentage of worlds medicine comes from TRF
25%
26
How can we manage rainforests sustainably
-selective logging and replanting -education and conservation - international agreements - ecotourism
27
What are the 3 parts of the nutrient cycle
Biomass, soil and humus, litter and detritus
28
What is biomass in the nutrient cycle
Organic matter, living organisms such as plants and animals
29
What is soil and humus in nutrient cycle
Organic component of soil formed by decomposition
30
What is litter and detritus in the nutrient cycle
Waste and dead organic matter in the leaf litter
31
Problems of ecotourism in TRF
Litter, co2 emissions from transport , animals could be harmed
32
One reason why deforestation has decreased in some countries
International agreements
33
How ecotourism is sustainably in tropical rainforests
Aims to educate visitors so increase their understanding and appreciation of plants and animals
34
Opportunities of Svalbard
Tourism , fishing, mineral extraction and energy, scientific research
35
Challenges of Svalbard
Construction, extreme temperatures, inaccessibility
36
How is inaccessibility a challenge for the people of Svalbard
-can only be reached by plane or ship -no roads serve the outlying communities -remote
37
How is extreme temperatures a promblem in Svalbard
Winter temperatures fall below -20 degrees Some temperatures make it dangerous to work outside with a risk of frostbite
38
How is fishing an opportunity for the people of Svalbard
150 species of fish here including herring and haddock Waters also important for breeding and nursery grounds
39
How is mineral extraction and energy an opportunity for the people of Svalbard
-has rich conserves of coal -more than 300 people are employed in mines -however government wants to invest in geothermal energy which is better for the environment
40
How is construction a challenge for the people of Svalbard
-may forms of construction being carried out -constructing and maintaining roads -working outdoors however can become very demanding
41
How is tourism am opportunity for Svalbard
-appeals to people to go to extreme places to take part in extreme events such as snow mobiles and safaris -700,000 people visited in 2011
42
Why do cold environments need protecting
Many indigenous people live here (Inuit in Alaska) Home to biodiversity such as birds and animals like penguins and polar bears Used for scientific research about global warming
43
3 ways we can protect cold environments
Stop mass tourism, international agreements , education
44
What are Greenpeace campaigning for in Antarctica
-purpose to promote conservation of natural environments -Greenpeace campaigned to create world park by setting up a scientific base -protected as a result of the biodiversity such as whales, penguins
45
How long is trans Alaskan pipe line
800 miles
46
How many barrels of oil have travelled though the trans Alaskan pipeline
18 billion barrels
47
Design feature of trans Alaskan pipeline
-Raised off ground on stilts to prevent permafrost from melting because of the hot oil and allows animal migration such as caribou (3m off ground) -Cleaned and maintain by PIGS which prevents any build up of water, wax or anything else and therefore oil pumps easier
48
What is the Antarctic treaty
An agreement signed by 12 nations in which Antarctica has been made a demilitarised zone to be preserved for scientific research
49
What are the tourist rules which help manage tourism in
-respect scientific research -protect wildlife -no litter
50
Some aims that when you sign the Antarctic treaty you also sign into
-protection of all animals and plants -ensure all waste is disposed without damaging environment -to share scientific research
51
How is bear berry adapted to cold environments
Low lying which enables it to survive strong winds, stems have thick bark for stability in windy conditions, small leathery leaves help retain water in dry environment
52
Difference between food web and food chain
Food web has a number of connected food chain whereas a food chain consists of one straight line
53
Example of human activity that might affect nutrient cycle
Deforestation, mining, farming
54
Causes of deforestation in Malaysia
Largest exporter of oil, mining for metal ores
55
Effects of deforestation
Malaysia lost 9% of its forests between 1990-2010
56
How many tourists visited Svalbard
70,000
57
How many km of roads in Svalbard
40 km
58
Purpose of Antarctic treaty
No territorial claims Share scientific research Dispose of all waste products off continent Protect all animals and plant life
59
What is commercial farming
farming for a profit, where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market
60
What are the causes of deforestation in Malaysia and why
-commercial farming = largest exporter of palm oil in world, plantations owners receive tax incentives so increase amounts of land converted for plantations -energy development = dams, boost Malaysia electricity supply, flooded over 700km of land -subsistence far,ing = slash and burn techniques are used for farming as it produces nutrients in soil, forest could get out of control -logging = largest exporter of tropical wood, destroy habitats, clear felling is common
61
Impacts of deforestation
-soil erosion = soil can become easily loose and erode away, removes nutrient-rich top layer of soil -loss of biodiversity= destroys ecosystems and habitats so food chain collapses -contribute to climate change change = enhanced greenhouse effect
62
What is the percentage of plants and animals that live in tropical rainforests
50%

Geography (10 decks)

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