Changing Economic World Flashcards
Examples of LIC, NEE and HIC countries
LIC= Chad
NEE= Russia
HIC= UK
Examples of jobs for LIC, NEE and HIC countries
LIC = agriculture (farming)
NEE= working in factories
HIC= service work (businesses)
What is development
To advance, change or improve the standard of living and quality of life of people in a specific way
What is the HDI
combined measure of average achievement in key areas of human development such as health, education and standard of living
What is GNI
Gross national income = total amount of money earned by a nations people and business
What is GDP
Gross domestic product = total amount of money produced from the output of goods and services produced in a country over a year
What is birth and death rate
Number of people born for very 1000 people
Number of people who die for every 1000 people
What is infant mortality
Number of infants who die per 1000 before they reach 1 year old
What is people per doctor
The number of doctors available for every 1000 people in the population
What is literacy rates
Percentage of people who are able to read and write in a country
What is access to clean water (to measure development)
Percentage of population with access to clean water
Advantages and disadvantages of measuring development by GNI
A= easy to compare data and track historical trends
D= misses off money made through informal economies where no record of the work done of the money paid (huge in India)
Advantages and disadvantages of measuring development by birth rate
A = shows lack of family planning, availability and affordability to contraception
D= some religions discourage us of contraception, can be affected by government family planning laws (China one child policy)
Advantages and disadvantages of measuring development by death rate
A= shows how good health care is, indicated good standard of living
D= most countries have low death rate so hard to compare
Advantages of measuring development by infant mortality
A= shows how countries survival rates vary due different stages of development
Disadvantages of life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rate, access to safe water
D= only directly measure one aspect of development- development is more than just a single measure , values are often averages in certain areas so may fail to show variations within, data can be unreliable or out of date especially in war zone countries
Advantages and disadvantages the human development index
A= includes both social and economic factors, data collected over many years, composite measure
D= doesn’t take other important factors such as gender equality or poverty, difficult to monitor changes in human development in short term as there are many components
Why do birth rates increase and decrease
Increase = affordability of contraception, lack of family planning
Decrease = cost of raising children
Why do death rates increase and decrease
Increase = poor healthcare, poor hygiene, war and conflict, high average age of population
Decrease = lots of food and water
What is stage 1 of DTM, link it to development and give an example of a country in stage 1
Birth rates and death rates are both high and fluctuating, high death rates due to high infant mortality rates , no countries in stage 1 only some small tribal groups
What is stage 2 of the demographic transition model, link to development and give an example
Birth rates are high and death rates rapidly decreasing.
Death rate decreasing due to improved hygiene and access to health care. Birth rate high due to lack of contraception
Afghanistan is an example
What is stage 3 of the demographic transition model, link to development and give an example
Death rate slowly dropping and birth rate rapidly decreasing
Death rate decreases because of medical advancements. Birth rate falls as birth control becomes available.
Brazil is an example
What is stage 4 of the demographic transition model, link to development and give an example
Birth and death rates are low
Low birth and death rates and dependant on people’s economic situation
Example is the USA
What is stage 5 of the demographic transition model, link to development and give an example
Birth rate slowly decreasing and death rate increasing slowly
Proportion of older people goes up due to longer life expectancies, birth rates also fall as people choose career over family
Example is Germany
Advantages and disadvantages of the DTM
A= dynamic and flexible showing change through time, universal concept that can be applied to all countries around the world and be compared
D= it doesn’t predict what will happen if countries suffer from natural hazards regularly, does not include impacts of migration
What are the causes of uneven development
Physicality, colonialism, poverty, trade, conflict, ,independence
What are the ways to close the development gap
Tourism, debt relief, micro finance loans, intermediate strategies, aid, industrial development, fair trade, investments
How tourism reduces the development gap (use case study of Jamaica)
-200,000 Jamaicans gain employment in services
-non cruise ships tourists spend 120 dollars daily
-quality of life improves as more money to reinvest to improve infrastructure
Problems of tourism to Jamaica
-air pollution
-road traffic
-foreign staff at hotels so locals are unemployed
-damage of habitat —> coral reef damage
How does industrial development close the development gap
-ability to trade —> good sea port allows you to import raw materials for manufacture into products to sell
-attract TNCs —> set up factories and offices and start industrialisation, however they exploit their cheap workforce but people gain skills and reliable income
-governments encourage capitalism (businesses) though policies and laws
How investment closes the development gap
-investments allow governments to improve infrastructure such as buildings dams to provide electricity and clean water
- encourage TNCs to invest in country and diversify the economy
What does diversifying an economy mean
of shifting an economy away from a single income source (eg just agriculture)
toward multiple sources from a growing range of sectors and markets (eg farming / mining )
How does fair trade closes the development gap
-no child or forced labour —> more children can have education
-minimum prices gives people more money —> can send child to school, so better chance of getting a well paid job and break poverty cycle
-respect for environment —> no destruction of habitat
How can intermediate technology reduce the development gap
-use taanka and pat as exampes
-taanka is an underground storage 4 m deep and collect surface water from roofs
-pat is an irrigation system that transfers water to crops
-these technologies will provide country with cheap, efficient service so can spend money elsewhere on developing infrastructure
How does debt relief reduce development gap and what is it
-when you don’t have to pay debt as LICs don’t have the money to repay
-allows countries to spend money on other vital necessities such as health care and education
-however some countries may need it more than others and so can cause exploitation and corruption of governments
How do microfinance loans close the development gap and what are micro finance loans
-when money is lent to LICs to help them develop, they are available to people and businesses who may struggle to get credit
-pigs for peace in democratic republic of Congo improve lives of women who had suffered from malnutrition and disease
-they loan a pig to a family and provide support with mating opportunities and veterinary support
-rather than repaying money the family gives two piglets back to the organisation
-piglets can be sold for average price of about 40 dollars per animal
How does aid close the development gap and what is it
-it is a gift of money goods or services to a developing country, it does not need to be repaid
-encourages project that develop clean water and sanitation so improved living standards
-rebuilds livelihoods and housing after disaster and can save lives in times of disaster
-however can increase dependency of LICs on donor countries
-aid may not reach the people who need it most, corruption may lead to politicians using aid for their own means and gain
Compare development between UK and Nigeria to do with climate
-climate in Nigeria is hot and dry with lots of desertification which leads to food and water shortages therefore higher death rates , less people economically active and there is a high strain on public services
-climate in UK is temperate mild wet climate, provides lots of fresh water and great for agriculture so encourage economic growth and higher life expectancy
Compare development between UK and Nigeria to do with colonialism
-in Nigeria between 1650 to 1900 millions of people were transported from Africa to work as slaves at plantations as a result of powerful empires like the British empire, there was political instability which help back development
-in UK we created British empire which encaptured millions of slaves to sell for money, this developed the country
Compare development between UK and Nigeria to do with disparities in health
-in Nigeria one child dies every minute of malaria, this shows lack of disposable income as families are unable to afford health care , death rates will remain high and so cannot move into stage 3 of DTM
-wealthy government due to high tax rates which pays for NHS and entitles everyone to free health care service, this also includes vaccinations to diseases
Advantages and disadvantages of TNCs
A= provide employment and training skills, modern technology is introduced and funded by TNCs, companies often invest in improving local services and amenities, government benefits from taxes providing money can be spent on improving health care
D= TNCs can exploit the low wage economy and avoid paying local taxes, working conditions may be poor with fewer regulations than in richer countries, local companies may find it hard to compete with TNCs, LIC/ NEE can become dependent on TNCs for economic growth
Social and economic benefits of shell in Nigeria
S= 90% of staff are Nigerian, built lots of schools, electricity and running water provided
E= paying lots of tax to government, providing micro finance loans to small businesses, encouraging business between shell and other similar businesses, export 45 billion dollars in crude oil to HIC every year
Environmental, economic and social challenges of Shell
En = gas flaring which is illegal this increases pollution, mass deforestation
Ec= profits from production goes straight to headquarters in HIC, accused of limiting the amount of tax they pay
S= accused of human rights abuses, employees are working 12+ hour shifts in poor conditions
What was the Bodo oil spill and impacts
-two massive oil spills which spilled 560,000 barrels of oil
Impacts :
-mass deforestation
-destroyed marine life
-people have lack of food from no fish or farming
-contaminated water supplies
-poverty and conflict between government and community
What are the causes of deindustrialisation in the uk
-global shift in manufacturing to developing countries such as china = this is because they can produce cheaper goods because labour is less
-machines and technology have replaced workers = more efficient so more money produced
-lack of investment from government = high labour costs and outdated machinery made Uk products too expensive to sell
3 reasons why UK economy has changed
-deindustrialisation
-globalisation
-government policies
What caused economic growth to do with changing government policies
-state owned businesses were privatised, this made a lot of money for government
-Lots of factories and coal pits were closed. The government said that they could no longer compete with foreign countries where wages are lower
-The service sector grew. Wages in the service sector are generally very good.
How did globalisation affect uk economy
-growth of globalisation has meant that the Uk economy is now more dependent on other countries
-globalisation has allowed people to connect with other countries (locate factories abroad, get products shipped into UK ports)
Name 4 transport infrastructure improvement in uk and what are they doing
-Heathrow airports = construction of fourth new airport, new runway
-HS2 = new high speed railway to connect London to Birmingham
-A303 = digging a 3km tunnel and create a duel carriageway as it is the main route to the south west
-Liverpool dock lands = construct a deep water quay on the river Mersey
Advantage and disadvantage of Heathrow improvement
A= 73 million passengers move through it each year
D= cost is 18.6 billion
Advantage and disadvantage of Liverpool docklands
A= 1.5 million containers per year (double previous capacity
D= cost 300 million
Advantage and disadvantage of A303
A= main route to south west so reduce congestion
D= cost 2 billion, has been cancelled by Labour
Advantage and disadvantage of HS2
A= will connect London to Birmingham
D= due to be complete in 2033, route passes through Chiltern hills damaging ancient woodland and devaluing many homes
Environmental impacts of economic development on Nigeria (to do with industrial growth)
Industrial growth = 70-80% of forests have been destroyed through logging and agriculture, some industries dispose of chemical waste on nearby land threatening the ground water quality
Environmental impacts of economic development on Nigeria (to do with urban growth)
-waste is dumped on streets
-green belts are being converted into building sites
-traffic congestion is a major problem
Environmental impacts of economic development on Nigeria (to do with commercial farming and deforestation)
-land degradation
-water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion
-many species have disappeared
-buildings of settlements and roads have destroyed habitats and added to CO2 emissions
Environmental impacts of economic development on Nigeria (to do with mining and oil extraction )
-oil has affected ecosystems and contributes to pollution
-in the Niger delta there is conflicts with locals over oil extraction
-local water supplies polluted with toxic chemicals
Ways in which industrial development in the UK can become more sustainable (Nestle factory in Fawdon)
-installing 4000 solar panels so 1.5% of energy is generated by them
-encouraging use of greener transport by forming a deal with Nissan to incentivise making switch to EV or hybrid vehicle, employees can save money on their purchase, also encouraging public transport and walking or cycling to work
-anaerobic digester which processes residue of products and converts it into renewable energy however very expensive
Ways in which causes rural areas to thrive / decline
-counter urbanisation
-ageing population
-European migration
-economic changes
Social and economic impacts of counter urbanisation
S= better education opportunities, nicer scenery and location so better quality of life
E= house prices have increased to greater demand, lose customers for local businesses as commuters buy products in the city where they work
Social and economic impacts of ageing population
S= higher demand for health care services , highly dependent population so in need of young people to care for them
E= less people in jobs so reduced money going to government, primary job sector suffers, grey pound (elderly people have high disposable income to spend in community)
Social and economic impacts of European migration
S= migrants are happy to take primary sector jobs, causes conflict between locals and migrants
E= more migrants spending money so multiplies effect, higher competition for jobs
Social and economic impacts of economic changes (decline of primary jobs such as farming )
S= push young people away from area in seek of better employment , decline of sense of community
E= decline in farming jobs so possible lower yield of crops so less locally sourced food, increase in importing food
What is the case study for rural areas of decline and increase
Outer Hebrides = decline
South Cambridgeshire = increase
Social and economic impacts of outer Hebrides of a decrease in population
S= many local services and facilities close down such as pubs, primary schools, population becomes increasingly elderly demand for care services increase, costs of care rises
E= increase in relative poverty amongst population, local government have to support through more, farming here is incredible tough and the price of wool and lamb are very low so many abandon this to seek more reliable incomes in urban areas, decline of fishing due to government controls on fishing following environmental concerns, in 1948 there were nearly 900 registered boats now there are only a few
Social and economic impacts on south Cambridgeshire of an increase in population
S= majority of people commute to urban areas for work leaving behind a ghost village devoid of people/ sense of community and local businesses can struggle, greater demand for leisure and reiteration facilities such as golf, 80% of people own their own car so increased traffic congestion on small country roads, public transport struggles to attract customers,
E= popularity of area leads to a risk in increasing house prices, middle class people move to the area they bring wealth and investment often renovating homes and businesses this is called gentrification, greater ethnic diversity as Eastern European migrants arrive to take low skills and low paid jobs in community including cleaning and elderly care
What is the north south divide
-Refers to the cultural and economic differences between the south and north of England
-the south enjoys higher standard of living, longer life expectancy and higher incomes
Why is there a north south divide
-many industries that the north relied such as heavy engineering has decline and unemployment increased
-however London developed rapidly becoming a financial centre and has grown faster than the rest of the UK
Strategies used to reduce the north- south divide
-enterprise zones have been created = these aim to encourage the establishment of,ent of new businesses by providing a business rate discount up to 275,000 over a five year period
-Lancashire LEP will promote new businesses and create 5000 jobs
-20 million transport improvements planned in cities like Preston
-new high speed rail service (HS2) between London and Birmingham encouraging business in other cities
Purpose of the commonwealth
-developed nations such as the UK to help support nations impacted by colonial empires to advance economically, socially and improve human rights
-the UK does benefit as it improves their trade links generating them lost of money
Positives of commonwealth
-uk promoted Hugh skilled I in grants from commonwealth countries benefitting our economy and offers opportunities for individuals
-commonwealth countries have grown at an average rate of 4.4% over past 4 decades
Negatives of commonwealth
-commonwealth accused of overlooking human rights abuse, including anti LGBTQ+ laws in Gambia and atrocities during civil war in Syria
-criticised for having little influence in a modern world
Benefits of being in economic union (EU)
-allows you to trade goods and services freely with other countries in the union
-commonwealth rules in products / services improves quality of items traded
-supports weaker countries /regions economies helping them grow faster
-people can move freely between countries and live where they like
Limitations of uk being in economic union (EU)
-countries are not free to make trade agreements with countries outdid of the trade union
-cheaper or better foreign products pit domestic companies out of business
-each member has to pay a memebership fee to be part of EU
Arguments for brexit
-UK coude make its own laws about importing products
-freedom from SU decisions
-saving money as no longer have to pay membership fee
-save money so can invest in our own infrastructure
Arguments against Brexit
-uncertainty to do with economic state and trade relations
-lose international support from other EU countries if disaster or crisis occurs
Impacts of brexit
-15% reduction in trade
-uk couldn’t recover as quickly after Covid as EU countries
-value of pound decreased = inflation
