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ECOLOGY Gr10 > Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

define ecosytem

A

a unit that consists of plant and animal communities (biotic) that interact with each other as well as with the non living (abiotic) factors in a particular area

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2
Q

define community

A

all the populations of plants and animals living in an ecosystem that interact with one another

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3
Q

what are biotic factors?

A

living components, plants and animals and interactions between them

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4
Q

what are abiotic factors?

A

non living components of biosphere that have influence on distribution and survival of biotic components

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5
Q

What is aspect?

A

position of an area in relation to the sun (slope direction)

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6
Q

which slope will there be more sunlight and what will be its result?

A

more sunlight on north facing slopes in southern hemisphere and as a result it is warmer and drier with more light and plants thrive

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7
Q

What do slopes determine

A

rate of water run off

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8
Q

Steep slope=?

A

faster water= soil erosion= shallow and infertile soil= fewer plant and animals

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9
Q

What are different soil textures?

A

Clay- tiny soil particles
loam- slightly bigger particles
sand- coarser and larger particles

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10
Q

Air content in sandy soil and clay soil?

A

sandy soil= larger spaces= well aerated

clay soil= smaller spaces= poorly aerated

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11
Q

what is leaching?

A

when water filers through rapidly through and with large spaces taking away nutrients

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12
Q

why do plants rot in clay?

A

Too much water due to tiny spaces results in poor drainage

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13
Q

why is loam best for plant growth?

A

Medium water retention capacity and well aerated = sufficient nutrients for plant growth

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14
Q

what is Humus content and why is it good

A

Decayed animal and plant matter that increases soil fertility and water holding capacity
it makes soil darker

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15
Q

pH of soil

A

low pH= acidic= proteas and azaleas
high pH= alkaline= succulents
ph7 = neutral= Most plants

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16
Q

why do plants need light?

A

photosynthesis

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17
Q

What can too much light do

A

to much UV rays can damage tissues

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18
Q

What is Photoperiodism

A

effect of day length and duration of light exposure on plant

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19
Q

Give day lengths and examples(3)

A

short day- flower if day is less than 12 hrs
long day- flower if day is more than 12 hrs
neutral- unaffected by day length

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20
Q

what is migration and hibernation and when does it occur?

A

Migration- animals move to other areas
hibernation- animals slow hart rate and metabolism to fall in deep sleep

occur due to decrease light hours in day ( season changes)

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21
Q

difference between sun loving and shade loving plants?

A

sun loving- require high light intensity to photosynthesise

shade loving- survive/ photosynthesise in low light intensity

22
Q

what is stratification?

A

layering of vegetation in forests

23
Q

what are ectothermic animals?

A

body temperature depends on environmental temperature. become inactive in cold winter temperatures and hibernate to survive. (active at moderate temps)

24
Q

what are endothermic animals?

A

keep body temperature constant regardless of environmental temperature to operate efficiently and all the time. may also hibernate or migrate to warmer habitats in the winter

25
Q

what are annuals?

A

complete life cycle in one season and survive winter with seeds

26
Q

what are deciduous plants?

A

lose leaves in winter to reduce metabolism to survive

27
Q

What are evergreen plants?

A

function all year round

28
Q

what do atmospheric gasses do?

A

traps heat and allows life to exist

29
Q

what does nitrogen do?

A

manufacture protein

30
Q

what does oxygen do?

A

allows for cellular respiration

31
Q

what does carbon dioxide do?

A

Photosynthesis

32
Q

difference between hydroscopic and capillary water?

A

hydroscopic: water attached tightly around soil particles (not easily absorbed)
capillary water: water stuck between soil particles (easily absorbed)

33
Q

What are hydrophytes?

A

plants adapted to grow in water

34
Q

what are mesophytes?

A

plants adapted to grow in area of moderate water supply

35
Q

what are Xerophytes?

A

plants adapted to grow in extremely dry conditions (succulents)

36
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Continuous cycle movement of water between the earth and the atmosphere.

37
Q

Name 5 steps of water cycle and explain?

A

Evaporation: water from large water masses and soil reaches atmosphere becoming water vapour
Transpiration: Plants lose water vapour from leaves, stems and flowers to atmosphere
Condensation: Large amounts of water vapour condense to form clouds
Precipitation: water moves from atmosphere to earth in form. of rain, snow, fog, hail, dew and frost.
Infiltration: water absorbed by upper layers of soil to form hydroscopic and capillary water

38
Q

where does water reach after infiltration?

A

water table

39
Q

why are wetlands important?

A
  • Maintains biodiversity and support variety of plants and animal life
  • provides regular water supply.
  • Helps reduce effects of droughts and floods
40
Q

what are autotrophic components(Producers and which trophic level)?

A

Green plants that can photosynthesise to produce their own organic nutrients. first trophic level

41
Q

what are heterotrophic components?

A

organisms that cannot produce own carbohydrates and depend on producers = CONSUMERS

42
Q

What are primary consumers and which trophic level?

A

herbivores and omnivores. Second trophic level

43
Q

What are secondary consumers and which trophic level?

A

carnivores and omnivores. Third trophic level

44
Q

What are tertiary consumers and which trophic level?

A

Carnivores. 4th trophic level

45
Q

What are decomposers and which trophic level?

A

Bacteria and fungi that feed on dead organic material. (saprophytic)
any trophic level.

46
Q

What are trophic levels?

A

different feeding levels of living organisms

47
Q

why are decomposers important?

A

Breaks down organic compounds into simple inorganic materials which return to soil for process to continue.

48
Q

What is the food chain?

A

The transfer of energy

49
Q

What happens in a longer food chain?

A

less energy will be available for next trophic level

50
Q

what energy is available and what energy is not from one trophic level to next?

A

growth (metabolism)- available energy to next trophic level

Urine, respiration and faeces is lost/ released energy that is not available to next trophic level

51
Q

what is a food web?

A

different food chains linked together

52
Q

Define ecology

A

the study of the relationship between living organisms and the environment in which they live

ECOLOGY Gr10 (6 decks)

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