Ecosystem Models COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Primary motivations for Ecosystem models?

A

single species models missing important and deterministic drivers of biomass and abundance (e.g., environment / habitat, ecological / trophic, fishery / technical, etc.)

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2
Q

What are the four alternatives for ecosystem models in fisheries science?

A

Incorporate the physical environment

Incorporate ecology

Incorporate people

Incorporate everything
(or multiple things)

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3
Q

Incorporating the physical environment

A

Can determine stock abundance

Can affect: recruitment, growth, natural mortality, availability to fishery

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4
Q

Why evaluating the physical environment important?

A

Management targets and threshold values may be a function of environmental conditions

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5
Q

What is an example of a physical environment model?

A

The salmon habitat model

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6
Q

Salmon Habitat Model

A

incorporated characteristics of spawning habitat (e.g., temperature, stream flow, sediment type) into recruitment/survival and age-structured population dynamics

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7
Q

Recruitment of many small pelagic species found to be coupled with

A

environmental conditions

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8
Q

What is an example of environmentally driven abundance?

A

Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) eggs most abundant at sea-surface temperatures of 13-15 °C, larvae most abundant 13-16 °C (best in warm ocean conditions)

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9
Q

How does the Pacific Fisheries Management Council use environmental conditions models?

A

sea-surface temperature data to set environmentally-dependent effort targets

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10
Q

The productivity of exploited species may be

A

temperature dependent

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11
Q

How is ecological modeling incorporated most frequently?

A

predator-prey interactions

example - food web modeling

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12
Q

How are food web models useful?

A

characterizing tradeoffs between exploitation and conservation across multiple, interdependent species

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13
Q

How are multispecies models that include predation used?

A

estimate multispecies maximum sustainable yield (MMSY)

Management that targets MMSY may cause several stocks to collapse

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14
Q

Incorporating People

A

Commercial fisheries -> maximize profit
Recreational fisheries -> maximize utility/satisfaction

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15
Q

What is driven by economic incentives?

A

Fishing effort (and mortality)

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16
Q

What is this data showing?

A

Catch rates lower where fishing is easier / less expensive (closer to population centers, sheltered from prevailing winds); suggests species less abundant in these areas

17
Q

Fisheries dependent data depends on…

A

human behavior

Spatiotemporal decisions non-random
Length/age composition may reflect targeting

18
Q

Non-random observations can

A

bias assessment model outputs

19
Q

What is a solution to try and get unbiased data?

A

Standardization procedures of fishery dependent data common

e.g., control for factors influencing behavior → not perfect

20
Q

Incorporating “everything”

A

Complete ecosystem models can incorporate all relevant aspects (environment, ecology, people/economic sectors)

Typically simulation based (not analytical)

21
Q

What are two ecosystem models that have frequent fisheries applications?

A

Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE)
Atlantis

22
Q

Ecopath

A

trophic mass balance food web model

23
Q

Ecosim

A

uses mass-balance results from Ecopath and simulates temporal dynamics

24
Q

What can an Ecosim model identify?

A

fishing mortality rates that maximize: fishery profits, social benefits (employment), species rebuilding, ecosystem resilience/structure

25
What does an ecosim model incorporate?
relative abundance indices, catches, fishing effort
26
Ecospace
adds spatial component to dynamic simulations
27
What can Ecospace model accommodate?
habitat preferences, spatially heterogeneous fishing effort
28
How is an Ecospace model useful?
Useful in exploring impacts of spatial management (e.g, MPAs)
29
Atlantis
Biophysical model: three dimensional model tracks nutrient flows through biological groups
30
What are the important ecological process associated with the Atlantis model?
production, consumption, waste, migration, recruitment, mortality
31
What sub-models can the Atlantis model include?
for fishing, coastal development (habitat change), broad-scale environmental change, assessment and management
32
How are ecosystem model used most often?
illustrate relationships and responses rather than explicit integration into management