Clupeoid Fisheries

Question 1

Where are the main locations for Clupeoid Fisheries?

Answer 1

Upwelling areas

Question 2

What are the common characteristics of clupeoid fisheries in Upwelling Zones?

Answer 2

-Typically, anchovies and sardines
-Often “boom and bust” fisheries – a classic example of the California sardine fishery crash
-May include jack mackerel and chub mackerel (not clupeoids)

Question 3

Species within the Clupeomorpha

Answer 3

Herrings, anchovies, shads, sardine, pilchards, and menhaden

Question 4

Characteristics of a Clupeomorpha

Answer 4

• Very old fishery (Early Cretaceous
  -Primarily marine, but some freshwater and anadromous species
  -Incredibly important commercial fisheries

Question 5

Clupeomorpha made up what percentage of all commercial landings in 2018?

Answer 5

17%

Question 6

What are the two families in terms of most valued?

Answer 6

-Clupeidae
-Engraulidae

Question 7

Species within the Clupeidae family?

Answer 7

herrings, sardines, and menhaden

Question 8

Species within the Engraulidae family?

Answer 8

Anchovies

Question 9

What are the general commonalities between the Clupeidae and Engraulidae

Answer 9

o Rapid growth, short lives
o Early maturity (many mature by age 1)
o High fecundities (Many are bath spawners)
o Eat phytoplankton, zooplankton (particulate feeding and filter feeding)
o Schooling fishes (predator defense, accessible to the fishery)
o Population sizes can vary greatly over time.

Question 10

What are the types of clupeoid fisheries?

Answer 10

• Food fishery (canned sardines)
• Reduction fishery (fish meal, fish oil)
• Bait fishery (live and frozen)

Question 11

What type of gear is used for clupeoid fisheries?

Answer 11

o Beach seines
o Haul seines
o Various types of trawls (single, paired)
o Purse seine
Clupeoid fisheries are often caught through purse seining

Question 12

What is one of the most commonly fished species?

Answer 12

Sardina

Question 13

Anchoveta Characteristics

Answer 13

-Feeds on phytoplankton and zooplankton
-Found on western coast of south America
-SE Trades winds blow roughly parallel to coast June to September, strongest upwelling
-During winter, fish are found out to 200 km from coast
-During summer (less intense upwelling) fish extend out to 100km, to depth of 40m; schools larger and more congregated

Question 14

Why is anchoveta so important?

Answer 14

-Forage base for fishes, birds and marine mammals – very important – reserved 1.5 mmt reserved for forage

Question 15

History of Anchoveta

Answer 15

-Collapse of sardine fishery caused a shift to anchoveta
-A severe El Nino event happened – lead to a crash
-Slow management response after the crash
-It wasn’t until 1990 that the landings recovered