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A: Russia the gooden > Economic & Social Developments > Flashcards

Economic & Social Developments Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the minister of finance from 1862-78?

A

Mikhail von Reutern

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2
Q

How did Mikhail von Reutern reform the treasury?

A

New arrangements for collecting taxes, budgets were put into place.

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3
Q

What changes were made to Tax Farming under Mikhail von Reutern?

A

Tax farming was abolished, the tax system was reformed to include more indirect taxation.

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4
Q

Who was the minister of finance under Alexander II?

A

Mikhail von Reutern

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5
Q

What years were Mikhail von Reutern Minister of Finance?

A

1862-78

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6
Q

What year was the state bank established?

A

1860

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7
Q

How did Mikhail von Reutern promote trade?

A

by reducing import duties from 1863

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8
Q

How did Mikhail von Reutern encourage the production of railways?

A

By offering Government subsidies to private entrepreneurs

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9
Q

How was foreign investment encouraged under Mikhail von Reutern?

A

Government guaranteed annual divident

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10
Q

How was safe investment encouraged under Mikhail von Reutern?

A

New legislation was enforced regulating joint-stock companies.

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11
Q

What was the annual average growth rate during Von Reutern’s office?

A

6%

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12
Q

Who took over as Minister of Finance in 1887?

A

Vyshnedgradsky

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13
Q

What years were the tarrifs rasied again after Vin reutern’s reductions?

A

1880s

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14
Q

How did Vyshdegradsky reform indirect taxes?

A

by increasing them

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15
Q

By what percentage did grain exports increase between 1881 and 1891?

A

18%

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16
Q

Who suffered at the hands of Vyshegradsky’s reforms?

A

the peasantry

17
Q

What event marks the extent of the peasant’s suffering at the hands of Vyshnegradsky’s reforms?

A

The Great Famine, 1891-2

18
Q

How many died during the Great Famine?

A

350,000

19
Q

Who was Vyshnegradsky’s successor?

A

Sergei Witte

20
Q

What areas did Witte invest in the most?

A

mining, the metal trades, oil and banking

21
Q

What year was Russia’s first railway completed?

A

1837

22
Q

What year did the railway line linking St Petersburg to Moscow open?

A

1851

23
Q

What percentage of Russia’s railway system was state owned by the mid 1890s?

A

60%

24
Q

When were the peasant’s Land Banks established?

A

1885

25
Q

What was a major flaw in the Land Bank system?

A

the loans offered often increased debts.

26
Q

What did the Great Famine prove about Emancipation?

A

The basic economic problem remained

27
Q

What 4 sections/classes was Russian society divided into by the late 1890s?

A

The Landed Elite, The Middle Class, The Urban Working Class, The Peasantry

28
Q

What was the Landed Elite?

A

A small group, mainly of noble status.

29
Q

How did the Landed Elite develop post-emancipation?

A

Abandoned farming in favor of other professions such as business, teaching, politics.

30
Q

What was the Middle Class?

A

Bankers, Doctors, Teachers etc.

31
Q

How was the Middle Class able to develop?

A

Industrial expansion allowed for an increase in educational opportunities.

32
Q

What was the Urban working class?

A

Peasants who moved into towns to work temporarily in factories etc. to make ends meet.

33
Q

What percentage of the population was the Urban working class?

A

2%

34
Q

Who were the most wealthy peasants?

A

The Kulaks

35
Q

How many peasants found themselves unable to feed their family post emancipation?

A

2/3

36
Q

What was the main religion in Russia during this period?

A

Russian Orthodox Church (Russian Orthodoxy)

37
Q

What percentage of the population subscribed to Russian Orthodoxy?

A

70%

38
Q

What was Russia’s religious belief about the Tsar?

A

He was selected by God and had a ‘divine’ right to rule.

A: Russia the gooden (26 decks)

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