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A: Russia the gooden > Alexander II, 'The Tsar Reformer' > Flashcards

Alexander II, 'The Tsar Reformer' Flashcards

1
Q

What year was the Emancipation of the serfs?

A

1861

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2
Q

What was the Party of St petersburg Progress?

A

a loose title given to the more liberal nobles and officials who frequented the salons of the Tsar’s aunt, or gathered around his brother.

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3
Q

Name both of the ‘Milyutin Brothers’

A

Nikolai Alexander Milyutin & Dmitry Alekeseyevich Milyutin

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4
Q

What were the motives of Nikolai Milyutin?

A

An influential voice in the Ministry of Internal affairs, favouring reforms within the Slavophile tradition. Advocated emancipation and the establishment of the Zemstva.

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5
Q

What were the motives of Dmitry milyutin?

A

Military background, motivated by Russia’s failure in the crimea war, Alexander II’s Minister of War 1861-1881.

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6
Q

What years was Dmitry Milyutin Minister of War?

A

1861-1881

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7
Q

Why did the Milyutin Brothers advocated emancipation?

A

It held Russia back economically, weakening her ‘Great Power status,’ and was also morally wrong.

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8
Q

Between 1840 and 1844, how many outbreaks of peasant uprisings were there a year?

A

fewer than 30.

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9
Q

Why did the number of peasant outbreaks more than double after 1844?

A

landowners pushed peasants to produce more or pay higher rents,
protests against military conscription

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10
Q

Why is Alexander II known as the ‘Reformer?’

A

He began his reign by releasing political prisoners & pardoning the Decembrists,
he relaxed censorship and restored some rights of Poland and the Catholic church.

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11
Q

What year did Emancipation negotiations begin?

A

1856

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12
Q

What years did Alexander II travel the country side?

A

1858-59

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13
Q

Why did Alexander II travel the country side in 1858-59?

A

in attempts to win noble support for emancipation.

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14
Q

What were ‘redemption payments?’

A

serfs were required to pay money in exchange for their freedom.

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15
Q

How long were redemption payments to be paid for?

A

49 years

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16
Q

What was the Mir?

A

the peasant commune

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17
Q

Who supervises the Mir?

A

The Volosts

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18
Q

From what year did the Volosts run their own courts?

A

1863

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19
Q

What was the effect of Volosts running their own courts?

A

this replaced the landlord jurisdiction over serfs.

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20
Q

How long did ‘temporary obligation’ go on for?

A

2 years

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21
Q

What was ‘temporary obligation?’

A

allocations of land

22
Q

What percentage of peasants remained ‘temporarily obligated’ to their owners by 1881?

A

15%

23
Q

Which class of peasantry did well out of emancipation?

A

the kulaks

24
Q

How many incidents of riots were there in the four months after the Emancipation Edict?

A

647

25
Q

What years were the Milyutin Reforms

A

1874-75

26
Q

What changes did Milyutin make to military conscription?

A

Conscription was made compulsory for all classes from the age of 21, but the length of service was reduced from 25 to 15 years of service + 10 years in the reserves.

27
Q

What changes did Milyutin make to military punishment?

A

punishments were less severe & the system of military colonies was abandoned.
Better medical care was established.

28
Q

What changes did Milyutin make to weaponry?

A

Modern weaponry was introduced and new command structure was established.

29
Q

What changes did Milyutin make to military education?

A

Military colleges were set up to provide better training

Mass army-education campaigns in the 1870s-90s.

30
Q

What year was the war against Turkey?

A

1877-78

31
Q

What year was the Treaty of San Stefano?

A

1878

32
Q

What was the effect of the Treaty of Stefano?

A

large Bulgaria under Russia’s protection

33
Q

What year was the Treaty of Berlin?

A

1878

34
Q

What motivated the Treaty of Berlin?

A

Britain and Austria-Hungary were alarmed by Russian gains.

35
Q

What was the effect of the Treaty of Berlin?

A

it split up the new Bulgaria.

36
Q

What years were the Local Government Reforms?

A

1864-70

37
Q

What was the name of the system of elected local councils?

A

the Zemstva

38
Q

When was the Zemstva established?

A

around 1864, post emancipation.

39
Q

What were electoral colleges?

A

the system in which people vote for others to then vote nominees for the Zemstva.

40
Q

What powers did the Zemstva have?

A

to improve public services, develop industrial projects and administer relief in times of hardship.

41
Q

What years were the Judiciary reforms?

A

1864

42
Q

What was the new Judiciary system modelled on?

A

The West

43
Q

What was introduced in the new Judiciary reforms?

A

local courts open to the public, cases heard before juries (judges appointed by tsar) Local Justices of Peace

44
Q

Who elected the Local Justices of Peace?

A

The Tsar

45
Q

What Russian newspaper recorded national trials?

A

the Russian Courier

46
Q

What years were the educational reforms?

A

1863-64

47
Q

Who carried out the educational reforms?

A

Alexander Golovnin

48
Q

What years was Alexander Golovnin Minister for Education?

A

1862-67

49
Q

What changes were made to education?

A

Universities could govern themselves and appoint their own staff,
responsibility for schooling was transferred from the Orthodox church to the Zemstva.
Primary & Secondary education was extended,
Schools were open to all regardless of class/gender.

50
Q

What years were the censorship reforms?

A

1858-70

51
Q

What changes did Alexander II make to censorship?

A

restrictions on publishers were further reduced, foreign publications were permitted with government approval, and the press was allowed to print editorials with comment on gov. policy.

A: Russia the gooden (26 decks)

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