Economic Revolutions

Question 0

James Watt

Answer 0

• was Scottish
• was born in 1736
• studied the steam engine critically
• added a separate condenser that reduced its energy use
• made his steam engine a success through investment

Question 1

Jethro Tull

Answer 1

• was English
• was born in 1674
• developed a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming
• tried to develop better methods through empirical research
• advocated using horses over oxen for plowing
• advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment instead of scattering it by hand

Question 2

George Stephenson

Answer 2

• was English

* built the first effective locomotive, which ran at sixteen miles per hour, travelling from Liverpool to Manchester

Question 3

Thomas Malthus

Answer 3

• was born in 1766
• was English
• wrote /Essay on the Principle of Population/, which argued that the population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply
• said that men and women should marry later in life in order to limit growth, but was pessimistic about people actually doing that
• had his argument expanded by David Ricardo, who said that this meant wages would only ever be just high enough to keep workers from starving
• caused economics to be dubbed “the dismal science”

Question 4

Luddites

Answer 4

• attacked factories in England and smashed the machines because they believed they were putting them out of work

Question 5

Robert Owen

Answer 5

• was a Scottish manufacturer
• testified that it was extremely harmful for children to be working at age ten
• said that child labor stunted physical and mental growth
• reccomended that children not work until age twelve
• led to the passing of the Factory Act of 1833

Question 6

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 6

• was a radical British phiosipher
• had followers called Benthamites
• taught that public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the “greatest good for the greatest number”

Question 7

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 7

• was a commissioner charged with the administration of relief to paupers under Britain’s revised Poor Law of 1834
• was a Benthamite
• believed disease and death were the causes of poverty, and disease and death could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment
• invented sewers

Question 8

Britain

Answer 8

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Question 9

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 9

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Question 10

Industrial Revolution

Answer 10

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Question 11

The Great Exhibition of 1851/Crystal Palace

Answer 11

• had over six million visitors
• showed how Britain was really the “workshop of the world,” producing 20% of the world’s output of industrial goods by 1860

• was an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, which were cheap and abundant at the time

Question 12

Factory Act of 1833

Answer 12

• was British
• limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day
• limited the factory worksay for children between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours
• required that children under nine were enrolled in elementary schools established by factory workers
• was ineffective in that it did not regulate the work hours of children in small buisnesses or at home
• led to the rapid decline of child employment
• broke the trend of families working together

Question 13

Mines Act of 1842

Answer 13

• was British

* prohibited underground work for all women, as well as for boys under ten

Question 14

Combination Acts

Answer 14

• outlawed unions and strikes

Question 15

Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

Answer 15

• was created by Robert Owen with the goal of having one national union
• was one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions
• was created, interestingly enough, not by workers, but by social reformers

Question 16

open field system

Answer 16

• was a system of village farming developed by European peasants
• divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants into several large fields which were in turn cut into large narrow strips
• did not enclose fields
• had the peasants farm each large field as a community

Question 17

common lands

Answer 17

• were open meadows for hay and natural pasture
• were set aside primarily for the draft horses and oxen necessary in the fields, but were open to cows and pigs of the community as well

Question 18

enclosure

Answer 18

• was pushed by advocates of new crop rotation, who believed that new methods wouldn’t work with the open-field system, because a farmer who wanted to experiment would have to get the permission of the entire village
• was actively opposed by small landholders and village poor, on whom it took the greatest toll
• was also opposed by some wealthy landholders, who saw the investments as too risky
• led to the migration of poor farmers to the city factories for work

Question 19

proletarianization

Answer 19

• was the transformation of large numbers of peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners
• was most prevelant in England, helping push it towards its pivotal role in the industrial revolution

Question 20

cottage industry

Answer 20

• began when the small rural farmers who lost land in the enclosure were looking for a way to supplement their income
• also called the domestic industry or protoindustrialization
• involved in-house manufacturing of goods by rural people

Question 21

“putting-out” system

Answer 21

• involved a merchant capitalist and a rural worker
• merchant capitalists lent out raw materials, such as raw wool, to rural workers, who would create products from them, such as cloth, and send them back

Question 22

economic liberalism

Answer 22

• began with English merchants campaigning against “monopolies” and calling for “free trade”
• developed by Adam Smirh in /Inquiry into the Nature and Caused of the Wealth of Nations/
• argued that the government should restrict itself to just three duties: defense, civil order, and police protection
• defended the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market as a source of harmony that would improve the world
• is unregulated capitalism

Question 23

steam engine

Answer 23

• was efficiently created by Scotsman James Watt
• led to the implementation of all kinds of power equipment to aid people in their work
• drained coal mines
• replaced waterpower in cotten-spinning mills
• caused a great boom in Britain’s iron industry, making it the source of 20% of the world’s iron
• was used to build an effective locomotive, which dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight and contributed to the growth of a class of urban workers

Question 24

iron law of wages

Answer 24

• was put forth by David Ricardo, based on the ideas of Thomas Malthus
• posited that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to a subsistence level
• led to economics being dubbed “the dismal science”

Question 25

economic nationalism

Answer 25

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