Economic Revolutions Flashcards
0
Q
James Watt
A
- was Scottish
- was born in 1736
- studied the steam engine critically
- added a separate condenser that reduced its energy use
- made his steam engine a success through investment
1
Q
Jethro Tull
A
- was English
- was born in 1674
- developed a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming
- tried to develop better methods through empirical research
- advocated using horses over oxen for plowing
- advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment instead of scattering it by hand
2
Q
George Stephenson
A
- was English
* built the first effective locomotive, which ran at sixteen miles per hour, travelling from Liverpool to Manchester
3
Q
Thomas Malthus
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- was born in 1766
- was English
- wrote /Essay on the Principle of Population/, which argued that the population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply
- said that men and women should marry later in life in order to limit growth, but was pessimistic about people actually doing that
- had his argument expanded by David Ricardo, who said that this meant wages would only ever be just high enough to keep workers from starving
- caused economics to be dubbed “the dismal science”
4
Q
Luddites
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• attacked factories in England and smashed the machines because they believed they were putting them out of work
5
Q
Robert Owen
A
- was a Scottish manufacturer
- testified that it was extremely harmful for children to be working at age ten
- said that child labor stunted physical and mental growth
- reccomended that children not work until age twelve
- led to the passing of the Factory Act of 1833
6
Q
Jeremy Bentham
A
- was a radical British phiosipher
- had followers called Benthamites
- taught that public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the “greatest good for the greatest number”
7
Q
Edwin Chadwick
A
- was a commissioner charged with the administration of relief to paupers under Britain’s revised Poor Law of 1834
- was a Benthamite
- believed disease and death were the causes of poverty, and disease and death could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment
- invented sewers
8
Q
Britain
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•
9
Q
Agricultural Revolution
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•
10
Q
Industrial Revolution
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•
11
Q
The Great Exhibition of 1851/Crystal Palace
A
- had over six million visitors
- showed how Britain was really the “workshop of the world,” producing 20% of the world’s output of industrial goods by 1860
• was an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, which were cheap and abundant at the time
12
Q
Factory Act of 1833
A
- was British
- limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day
- limited the factory worksay for children between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours
- required that children under nine were enrolled in elementary schools established by factory workers
- was ineffective in that it did not regulate the work hours of children in small buisnesses or at home
- led to the rapid decline of child employment
- broke the trend of families working together
13
Q
Mines Act of 1842
A
- was British
* prohibited underground work for all women, as well as for boys under ten
14
Q
Combination Acts
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• outlawed unions and strikes
15
Q
Grand National Consolidated Trade Union
A
- was created by Robert Owen with the goal of having one national union
- was one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions
- was created, interestingly enough, not by workers, but by social reformers
16
Q
open field system
A
- was a system of village farming developed by European peasants
- divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants into several large fields which were in turn cut into large narrow strips
- did not enclose fields
- had the peasants farm each large field as a community
17
Q
common lands
A
- were open meadows for hay and natural pasture
- were set aside primarily for the draft horses and oxen necessary in the fields, but were open to cows and pigs of the community as well
18
Q
enclosure
A
- was pushed by advocates of new crop rotation, who believed that new methods wouldn’t work with the open-field system, because a farmer who wanted to experiment would have to get the permission of the entire village
- was actively opposed by small landholders and village poor, on whom it took the greatest toll
- was also opposed by some wealthy landholders, who saw the investments as too risky
- led to the migration of poor farmers to the city factories for work
19
Q
proletarianization
A
- was the transformation of large numbers of peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners
- was most prevelant in England, helping push it towards its pivotal role in the industrial revolution
20
Q
cottage industry
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- began when the small rural farmers who lost land in the enclosure were looking for a way to supplement their income
- also called the domestic industry or protoindustrialization
- involved in-house manufacturing of goods by rural people
21
Q
“putting-out” system
A
- involved a merchant capitalist and a rural worker
- merchant capitalists lent out raw materials, such as raw wool, to rural workers, who would create products from them, such as cloth, and send them back
22
Q
economic liberalism
A
- began with English merchants campaigning against “monopolies” and calling for “free trade”
- developed by Adam Smirh in /Inquiry into the Nature and Caused of the Wealth of Nations/
- argued that the government should restrict itself to just three duties: defense, civil order, and police protection
- defended the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market as a source of harmony that would improve the world
- is unregulated capitalism
23
Q
steam engine
A
- was efficiently created by Scotsman James Watt
- led to the implementation of all kinds of power equipment to aid people in their work
- drained coal mines
- replaced waterpower in cotten-spinning mills
- caused a great boom in Britain’s iron industry, making it the source of 20% of the world’s iron
- was used to build an effective locomotive, which dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight and contributed to the growth of a class of urban workers
24
Q
iron law of wages
A
- was put forth by David Ricardo, based on the ideas of Thomas Malthus
- posited that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to a subsistence level
- led to economics being dubbed “the dismal science”
25
Q
economic nationalism
A
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