Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe Flashcards
0
Q
Charles I
A
- was English
- was the son of James I
- sympathized with Roman Catholicism, supporting the policies of William Laud that would make the Church of England very similar to the RCC
- was described as intelligent, decietful, and treacherous
- dissolved Parliament in 1629
- lost English civil war and was beheaded
1
Q
Miguel de Cervantes
A
- was Spanish
* was the author of the novel /Don Quixote/, a novel that deliniated 16th century Spanish society
2
Q
Charles II
A
- was Spanish
- mentally defective and sexually impotent
- left Spain to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou, instigating the War of the Spanish Succession
3
Q
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
A
- was French
- was named controller general of finances under Louis XIV
- rigorously applied mercantilism to France
- subsidized cloth industries, granted royal privileges to rug and tapestry industries, set up a system of inspection and regulation, encouraged immigration, and created powerful merchant marine
- created merciless taxes that caused many peasants to emigrate, shrinking the tax pool and leaving the French economy in shambles
4
Q
Oliver Cromwell
A
- was English
- ruled after Charles I’s beheading
- divided England into 12 millitary districts, which fell apart after his death
- enforced the Navigation Act (mercantilism)
5
Q
Glorious Revolution
A
- was English
- took place in 1688 and 1689
- called “glorious” because it occurred with little to no bloodshed
- William and Mary accepted the English throne, acknowledged Parliament, and essentiay destroyed the idea of divine right rule
6
Q
Henry IV of France (Naverre)
A
- was French
- last surviving Henry of the War Of The Three Henrys
- famously said “Paris is worth a mass,” and converted to Catholicism for the good of the state
- issued the Edict of Nantes
- appointed Maximilien de Sully as his chief minister
- sharply lowered taxes on the peasants, introduced the /paulette/, revived trade, started a country-wide highway system, and dreamed of an international organization for peace
- believed compassion for the people was the root of successful rule, and (for him, at least), this proved true
7
Q
James VI of Scotland/James I of England
A
- was Scottish
- ruled Scotland for 35 years before becoming King of England
- while educated and politically shrewd, lacked the majesty and common touch that had made his predecessor, Elizabeth I, so successful
- argued frequently with Parliament, and greatly increased national debt
- authorized the creation of the KJV
8
Q
James II
A
- was English
- succeeded his brother, Charles II
- appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army, the universities, and local government in direct violation of the Test Act
- he issued a declaration of indulgence granting religious freedom for all
- locked bishops who petitioned for the right to disregard the act of indulgence in the Tower of London
- prompted the Glorious Revolution
9
Q
Louis XIV
A
- was French
- was one of the strongest examples of absolutist ideals in the French monarchy
- called himself the “sun king”
- was a devout Catholic, attending mass daily
- was traumatized by the Fronde (civil wars during which Louis and his mother were often threatened) as a child, which influenced his adult decisions greatly
- created cooperation between the crown and the nobility through large projects that exalted the monarchy and reinforced the ancient prestige of the aristocrats
- built the palace of Versailles, ten miles outside of Paris, where he established his court and required nobility to live (in order to keep an eye on them)
- appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as controller-general of finances
- revoked the Edict of Nantes
- kept France at war for 33 years of his 54-year reign
- drove France to near bankruptcy
10
Q
Puritans
A
- sought to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic elements (such as bishops)
- encouraged values such as hard work, thrift, and humility
- came primarily from the artisan and lower middle classes
11
Q
Cardinal Richelieu
A
- was French
- was first minister of the French crown under King Louis III
- held the policy of total subordination of all groups to the French crown
- sought to curb the power of the nobility
- ran a successful administrative system in which France was divided into 32 districts, each one controlled by a non-native intendents who transmitted information from Paris to their local communities and vice versa
12
Q
William III (of Orange) and Mary II
A
- were Protestant
- were Dutch
- were offered the English throne by Parliament in order to prevent a Catholic dynasty - they accepted, showing the supremacy of Parliament over the crown
13
Q
Versailles
A
- was originally built as a hunting lodge and retreat by Louis XIII
- was greatly expanded by Louis XIV, who turned it into a veritable paradise
- held art and architecture that served to overawe French subjects and foreign visitors
- held the court of Louis XIV - his nobles were required to live there for a third of the year
- stands today as a symbol of absolute monarchy, classicism, and the height of French culture
14
Q
Cossacks
A
- were Russian
- were free groups and outlaw armies made of peasants who, sick and tired of Ivan the Terrible, fled to newly conquered eastern and southern territories beyond the tsar’s reach
- resulted in peasants being completely bound to nobles and their land
- varied in power - a group led by former slave Ivan Bolotnikov caused great social upheaval, marching northward, slaughtering nobles, rallying peasants, and calling for a “true tsar” who would treat them better (they would not be stopped until they reached the gates of Moscow)
